Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into niels/RenderingParticle

92 files changed, 1042 insertions, 1009 deletions

diff --git a/src/crepe/Asset.cpp b/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
index 8a2a11c..9c41ecb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 #include "Asset.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-Asset::Asset(const std::string & src) {
-	// FIXME: restore this
-	// this->src = std::filesystem::canonical(src);
-	this->src = src;
+// FIXME: restore this
+// src(std::filesystem::canonical(src))
+Asset::Asset(const std::string & src) : src(src) {
 	this->file = std::ifstream(this->src, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
 }
 
-const std::istream & Asset::read() { return this->file; }
+istream & Asset::get_stream() { return this->file; }
 
-const char * Asset::canonical() { return this->src.c_str(); }
+const string & Asset::get_canonical() const { return this->src; }
diff --git a/src/crepe/Asset.h b/src/crepe/Asset.h
index 0cb5834..9051c5e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Asset.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Asset.h
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Asset location helper
  *
- * This class is used to locate and canonicalize paths to game asset files, and
- * should *always* be used when retrieving files from disk.
+ * This class is used to locate and canonicalize paths to game asset files, and should *always*
+ * be used when retrieving files from disk.
  */
 class Asset {
 public:
@@ -20,13 +20,21 @@ public:
 	Asset(const std::string & src);
 
 public:
-	//! Get an input stream to the contents of this resource
-	const std::istream & read();
-	//! Get the canonical path to this resource
-	const char * canonical();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get an input stream to the contents of this asset
+	 * \return Input stream with file contents
+	 */
+	std::istream & get_stream();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get the canonical path to this asset
+	 * \return Canonical path to this asset
+	 */
+	const std::string & get_canonical() const;
 
 private:
-	std::string src;
+	//! Canonical path to asset
+	const std::string src;
+	//! File handle (stream)
 	std::ifstream file;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
index fc95bd3..3b05742 100644
--- a/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	ComponentManager.cpp
 	Component.cpp
 	Collider.cpp
-	Exception.cpp
 )
 
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
 	Collider.h
 	ValueBroker.h
 	ValueBroker.hpp
-	Exception.h
 )
 
 add_subdirectory(api)
diff --git a/src/crepe/Component.cpp b/src/crepe/Component.cpp
index 73c2d07..acfd35c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Component.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Component.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "Component.h"
-#include "types.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/Component.h b/src/crepe/Component.h
index 0fe60b2..5279fb3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Component.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Component.h
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "types.h"
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 namespace crepe {
 
 class ComponentManager;
@@ -11,36 +9,37 @@ class ComponentManager;
 /**
  * \brief Base class for all components
  * 
- * This class is the base class for all components. It provides a common
- * interface for all components.
+ * This class is the base class for all components. It provides a common interface for all
+ * components.
  */
 class Component {
+public:
+	//! Whether the component is active
+	bool active = true;
+	//! The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
+	const game_object_id_t game_object_id;
+
 protected:
-	//! Only the ComponentManager can create components
-	friend class crepe::ComponentManager;
 	/**
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
 	 */
 	Component(game_object_id_t id);
+	//! Only the ComponentManager can create components
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 
 public:
 	virtual ~Component() = default;
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
 	 *
-	 * This method returns -1 by default, which means that there is no limit
-	 * for the number of instances. Concrete components can override this method
-	 * to set a limit.
+	 * This method returns -1 by default, which means that there is no limit for the number of
+	 * instances. Concrete components can override this method to set a limit.
 	 *
 	 * \return The maximum number of instances for this component
 	 */
 	virtual int get_instances_max() const { return -1; }
-
-public:
-	//! The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
-	const game_object_id_t game_object_id;
-	//! Whether the component is active
-	bool active = true;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
index 85149c8..e310577 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "api/GameObject.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-ComponentManager & ComponentManager::get_instance() {
-	static ComponentManager instance;
-	return instance;
-}
+ComponentManager::ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
+ComponentManager::~ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
 
 void ComponentManager::delete_all_components_of_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 	// Loop through all the types (in the unordered_map<>)
@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ void ComponentManager::delete_all_components_of_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 }
 
 void ComponentManager::delete_all_components() {
-	// Clear the whole unordered_map<>
 	this->components.clear();
+	this->next_id = 0;
 }
 
-ComponentManager::ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-ComponentManager::~ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
+GameObject ComponentManager::new_object(const string & name, const string & tag,
+										const Vector2 & position, double rotation,
+										double scale) {
+	GameObject object{*this, this->next_id, name, tag, position, rotation, scale};
+	this->next_id++;
+	return object;
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
index c8c196c..2107453 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
@@ -1,40 +1,63 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <typeindex>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "api/Vector2.h"
+
 #include "Component.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class GameObject;
+
 /**
  * \brief Manages all components
  * 
- * This class manages all components. It provides methods to add, delete and get
- * components.
+ * This class manages all components. It provides methods to add, delete and get components.
  */
 class ComponentManager {
+	// TODO: This relation should be removed! I (loek) believe that the scene manager should
+	// create/destroy components because the GameObject's are stored in concrete Scene classes,
+	// which will in turn call GameObject's destructor, which will in turn call
+	// ComponentManager::delete_components_by_id or something. This is a pretty major change, so
+	// here is a comment and temporary fix instead :tada:
+	friend class SceneManager;
+
 public:
+	ComponentManager(); // dbg_trace
+	~ComponentManager(); // dbg_trace
+
 	/**
-	 * \brief Get the instance of the ComponentManager
-	 * 
-	 * \return The instance of the ComponentManager
+	 * \brief Create a new game object using the component manager
+	 *
+	 * \param name Metadata::name (required)
+	 * \param tag Metadata::tag (optional, empty by default)
+	 * \param position Transform::position (optional, origin by default)
+	 * \param rotation Transform::rotation (optional, 0 by default)
+	 * \param scale Transform::scale (optional, 1 by default)
+	 *
+	 * \returns GameObject interface
+	 *
+	 * \note This method automatically assigns a new entity ID
 	 */
-	static ComponentManager & get_instance();
-	ComponentManager(const ComponentManager &) = delete;
-	ComponentManager(ComponentManager &&) = delete;
-	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete;
-	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete;
-	~ComponentManager();
+	GameObject new_object(const std::string & name, const std::string & tag = "",
+						  const Vector2 & position = {0, 0}, double rotation = 0,
+						  double scale = 1);
 
+protected:
+	/**
+	 * GameObject is used as an interface to add/remove components, and the game programmer is
+	 * supposed to use it instead of interfacing with the component manager directly.
+	 */
+	friend class GameObject;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Add a component to the ComponentManager
 	 * 
-	 * This method adds a component to the ComponentManager. The component is
-	 * created with the given arguments and added to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This method adds a component to the ComponentManager. The component is created with the
+	 * given arguments and added to the ComponentManager.
 	 * 
 	 * \tparam T The type of the component
 	 * \tparam Args The types of the arguments
@@ -77,6 +100,8 @@ public:
 	 * This method deletes all components.
 	 */
 	void delete_all_components();
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get all components of a specific type and id
 	 * 
@@ -87,8 +112,7 @@ public:
 	 * \return A vector of all components of the specific type and id
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-	get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const;
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get all components of a specific type
 	 * 
@@ -101,23 +125,21 @@ public:
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components_by_type() const;
 
 private:
-	ComponentManager();
-
-private:
 	/**
 	 * \brief The components
 	 * 
-	 * This unordered_map stores all components. The key is the type of the
-	 * component and the value is a vector of vectors of unique pointers to the
-	 * components.
-	 * Every component type has its own vector of vectors of unique pointers to
-	 * the components. The first vector is for the ids of the GameObjects and the
-	 * second vector is for the components (because a GameObject might have multiple
-	 * components).
+	 * This unordered_map stores all components. The key is the type of the component and the
+	 * value is a vector of vectors of unique pointers to the components.
+	 *
+	 * Every component type has its own vector of vectors of unique pointers to the components.
+	 * The first vector is for the ids of the GameObjects and the second vector is for the
+	 * components (because a GameObject might have multiple components).
 	 */
-	std::unordered_map<std::type_index,
-					   std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
 		components;
+
+	//! ID of next GameObject allocated by \c ComponentManager::new_object
+	game_object_id_t next_id = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
index 98efb49..be99cac 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ T & ComponentManager::add_component(game_object_id_t id, Args &&... args) {
 	// Check if the vector size is not greater than get_instances_max
 	int max_instances = instance->get_instances_max();
 	if (max_instances != -1 && components[type][id].size() >= max_instances) {
-		// TODO: Exception
 		throw std::runtime_error(
 			"Exceeded maximum number of instances for this component type");
 	}
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@ void ComponentManager::delete_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 	// Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
 	if (this->components.find(type) != this->components.end()) {
 		// Get the correct vector<>
-		vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-			= this->components[type];
+		vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components[type];
 
 		// Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
 		if (id < component_array.size()) {
@@ -93,12 +91,10 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const {
 	// Create an empty vector<>
 	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> component_vector;
 
-	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end())
-		return component_vector;
+	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end()) return component_vector;
 
 	// Get the correct vector<>
-	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-		= this->components.at(type);
+	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components.at(type);
 
 	// Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
 	if (id >= component_array.size()) return component_vector;
@@ -118,8 +114,7 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
 	using namespace std;
 
 	// Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
@@ -129,12 +124,10 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
 	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> component_vector;
 
 	// Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
-	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end())
-		return component_vector;
+	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end()) return component_vector;
 
 	// Get the correct vector<>
-	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-		= this->components.at(type);
+	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components.at(type);
 
 	// Loop through the whole vector<>
 	for (const vector<unique_ptr<Component>> & component : component_array) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/Exception.cpp b/src/crepe/Exception.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index dab8f2e..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/Exception.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-
-#include "Exception.h"
-#include "util/fmt.h"
-
-using namespace std;
-using namespace crepe;
-
-const char * Exception::what() { return error.c_str(); }
-
-Exception::Exception(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	this->error = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/Exception.h b/src/crepe/Exception.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6473043..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/Exception.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <exception>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-//! Exception class with printf-style constructor
-class Exception : public std::exception {
-public:
-	//! printf
-	Exception(const char * fmt, ...);
-	//! Get formatted error message
-	const char * what();
-
-protected:
-	Exception() = default;
-	//! Formatted error message
-	std::string error;
-};
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/Particle.cpp b/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
index 582edf4..1068cbf 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-void Particle::reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position,
-					 const Vector2 & velocity, double angle) {
+void Particle::reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position, const Vector2 & velocity,
+					 double angle) {
 	// Initialize the particle state
 	this->time_in_life = 0;
 	this->lifespan = lifespan;
diff --git a/src/crepe/Particle.h b/src/crepe/Particle.h
index 3eaebc3..19859fe 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Particle.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Particle.h
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Represents a particle in the particle emitter.
  *
- * This class stores information about a single particle, including its position,
- * velocity, lifespan, and other properties. Particles can be updated over time
- * to simulate movement and can also be reset or stopped.
+ * This class stores information about a single particle, including its position, velocity,
+ * lifespan, and other properties. Particles can be updated over time to simulate movement and
+ * can also be reset or stopped.
  */
 class Particle {
 	// TODO: add friend particleSsytem and rendersystem. Unit test will fail.
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Resets the particle with new properties.
 	 *
-	 * This method initializes the particle with a specific lifespan, position,
-	 * velocity, and angle, marking it as active and resetting its life counter.
+	 * This method initializes the particle with a specific lifespan, position, velocity, and
+	 * angle, marking it as active and resetting its life counter.
 	 *
 	 * \param lifespan  The lifespan of the particle in amount of updates.
 	 * \param position  The starting position of the particle.
 	 * \param velocity  The initial velocity of the particle.
 	 * \param angle     The angle of the particle's trajectory or orientation.
 	 */
-	void reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position,
-			   const Vector2 & velocity, double angle);
+	void reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position, const Vector2 & velocity,
+			   double angle);
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the particle's state.
 	 *
-	 * Advances the particle's position based on its velocity and applies accumulated forces. 
+	 * Advances the particle's position based on its velocity and applies accumulated forces.
 	 * Deactivates the particle if its lifespan has expired.
 	 */
 	void update();
diff --git a/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h b/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
index d844d6a..673b660 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
+++ b/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Give reference to value through custom set/get functions
  *
- * This class can be used to abstract direct access to any arbitrary value
- * through a custom get and set function passed to its constructor. Consumers
- * of this type may want to wrap it in a \c Proxy so it behaves like a regular
- * variable.
+ * This class can be used to abstract direct access to any arbitrary value through a custom get
+ * and set function passed to its constructor. Consumers of this type may want to wrap it in a
+ * \c Proxy so it behaves like a regular variable.
  *
  * \tparam T  Type of the underlying variable
  */
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
index 58fee2a..464b0fd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Animator.h"
 #include "Component.h"
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Animator::Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & ss, int row, int col, int col_animator)
+Animator::Animator(game_object_id_t id, Sprite & ss, int row, int col, int col_animator)
 	: Component(id),
 	  spritesheet(ss),
 	  row(row),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Animator.h b/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
index def0240..53f4b91 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "Component.h"
 #include "Sprite.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 class AnimatorSystem;
 class SDLContext;
 
 /**
- * \brief The Animator component is used to animate sprites by managing the movement
- *        and frame changes within a sprite sheet.
+ * \brief The Animator component is used to animate sprites by managing the movement and frame
+ * changes within a sprite sheet.
  *
- * This component allows for controlling sprite animation through rows and columns of a sprite sheet.
- * It can be used to play animations, loop them, or stop them.
+ * This component allows for controlling sprite animation through rows and columns of a sprite
+ * sheet. It can be used to play animations, loop them, or stop them.
  */
 class Animator : public Component {
 
@@ -28,15 +27,17 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Constructs an Animator object that will control animations for a sprite sheet.
 	 *
 	 * \param id The unique identifier for the component, typically assigned automatically.
-	 * \param spritesheet A reference to the Sprite object which holds the sprite sheet for animation.
+	 * \param spritesheet A reference to the Sprite object which holds the sprite sheet for
+	 * animation.
 	 * \param row The maximum number of rows in the sprite sheet.
 	 * \param col The maximum number of columns in the sprite sheet.
-	 * \param col__animate The specific col index of the sprite sheet to animate. This allows selecting which col to animate from multiple col in the sheet.
+	 * \param col_animate The specific col index of the sprite sheet to animate. This allows
+	 * selecting which col to animate from multiple col in the sheet.
 	 *
-	 * This constructor sets up the Animator with the given parameters, and initializes the animation system.
+	 * This constructor sets up the Animator with the given parameters, and initializes the
+	 * animation system.
 	 */
-	Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & spritesheet, int row, int col,
-			 int col_animate);
+	Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & spritesheet, int row, int col, int col_animate);
 
 	~Animator(); // dbg_trace
 	Animator(const Animator &) = delete;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
index b891760..3925758 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "AssetManager.h"
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
index 86a9902..fee6780 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 /**
- * \brief The AssetManager is responsible for storing and managing assets over
- * multiple scenes.
+ * \brief The AssetManager is responsible for storing and managing assets over multiple scenes.
  * 
- * The AssetManager ensures that assets are loaded once and can be accessed
- * across different scenes. It caches assets to avoid reloading them every time
- * a scene is loaded. Assets are retained in memory until the AssetManager is
- * destroyed, at which point the cached assets are cleared.
+ * The AssetManager ensures that assets are loaded once and can be accessed across different
+ * scenes. It caches assets to avoid reloading them every time a scene is loaded. Assets are
+ * retained in memory until the AssetManager is destroyed, at which point the cached assets are
+ * cleared.
  */
 class AssetManager {
 
@@ -44,20 +43,18 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Caches an asset by loading it from the given file path.
 	 *
 	 * \param file_path The path to the asset file to load.
-	 * \param reload If true, the asset will be reloaded from the file, even if
-	 * it is already cached.
+	 * \param reload If true, the asset will be reloaded from the file, even if it is already
+	 * cached.
 	 * \tparam T The type of asset to cache (e.g., texture, sound, etc.).
 	 * 
 	 * \return A shared pointer to the cached asset.
 	 * 
-	 * This template function caches the asset at the given file path. If the
-	 * asset is already cached and `reload` is false, the existing cached version
-	 * will be returned. Otherwise, the asset will be reloaded and added to the
-	 * cache.
+	 * This template function caches the asset at the given file path. If the asset is already
+	 * cached and `reload` is false, the existing cached version will be returned. Otherwise, the
+	 * asset will be reloaded and added to the cache.
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::shared_ptr<T> cache(const std::string & file_path,
-							 bool reload = false);
+	std::shared_ptr<T> cache(const std::string & file_path, bool reload = false);
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
index 977b4e1..1c0e978 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
@@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename asset>
-std::shared_ptr<asset> AssetManager::cache(const std::string & file_path,
-										   bool reload) {
+std::shared_ptr<asset> AssetManager::cache(const std::string & file_path, bool reload) {
 	auto it = asset_cache.find(file_path);
 
 	if (!reload && it != asset_cache.end()) {
 		return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<asset>>(it->second);
 	}
 
-	std::shared_ptr<asset> new_asset
-		= std::make_shared<asset>(file_path.c_str());
+	std::shared_ptr<asset> new_asset = std::make_shared<asset>(file_path.c_str());
 
 	asset_cache[file_path] = new_asset;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp b/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 63fd0d7..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#include <memory>
-
-#include "../facade/Sound.h"
-
-#include "AudioSource.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
-
-AudioSource::AudioSource(std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip) {
-	this->sound = std::make_unique<crepe::Sound>(std::move(audio_clip));
-}
-
-void AudioSource::play() { return this->play(false); }
-
-void AudioSource::play(bool looping) {
-	this->sound->set_looping(looping);
-	this->sound->play();
-}
-
-void AudioSource::stop() {
-	this->sound->pause();
-	this->sound->rewind();
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h b/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e24ae8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory>
-
-#include "../Asset.h"
-#include "../Component.h"
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-class Sound;
-
-//! Audio source component
-class AudioSource : public Component {
-public:
-	AudioSource(std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip);
-	virtual ~AudioSource() = default;
-
-public:
-	//! Start or resume this audio source
-	void play();
-	void play(bool looping);
-	//! Stop this audio source
-	void stop();
-
-public:
-	//! Sample file location
-	std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip;
-	//! TODO: ?????
-	bool play_on_awake;
-	//! Repeat the current audio clip during playback
-	bool loop;
-	//! Normalized volume (0.0 - 1.0)
-	float volume;
-
-private:
-	std::unique_ptr<Sound> sound;
-};
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
index e69de29..7bbace0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "BehaviorScript.h"
+#include "Component.h"
+#include "GameObject.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+
+BehaviorScript::BehaviorScript(game_object_id_t id, ComponentManager & mgr)
+	: Component(id),
+	  component_manager(mgr) {}
+
+template <>
+BehaviorScript & GameObject::add_component<BehaviorScript>() {
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	return mgr.add_component<BehaviorScript>(this->id, mgr);
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
index 6b1fec7..9d85d4c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
@@ -4,29 +4,69 @@
 
 #include "../Component.h"
 
+#include "GameObject.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
 class ScriptSystem;
 class ComponentManager;
 class Script;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script component
+ *
+ * This class acts as a (component) wrapper around an instance of (a class derivatived from) \c
+ * Script. \c BehaviorScript is the only ECS component that stores member function
+ * implementations as data.
+ */
 class BehaviorScript : public Component {
 protected:
-	friend class crepe::ComponentManager;
-	using Component::Component;
-
-public:
-	virtual ~BehaviorScript() = default;
+	/**
+	 * \param id Parent \c GameObject id
+	 * \param component_manager Reference to component manager (passed through to \c Script
+	 * instance)
+	 *
+	 * \note Calls to this constructor (should) always pass through \c GameObject::add_component,
+	 * which has an exception for this specific component type. This was done so the user does
+	 * not have to pass references used within \c Script to each \c BehaviorScript instance.
+	 */
+	BehaviorScript(game_object_id_t id, ComponentManager & component_manager);
+	//! Only ComponentManager is allowed to instantiate BehaviorScript
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Set the concrete script of this component
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Concrete script type (derived from \c crepe::Script)
+	 *
+	 * \returns Reference to BehaviorScript component (`*this`)
+	 */
 	template <class T>
 	BehaviorScript & set_script();
 
 protected:
-	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
+	//! Script instance
 	std::unique_ptr<Script> script = nullptr;
+	//! ScriptSystem needs direct access to the script instance
+	friend class ScriptSystem;
+
+protected:
+	//! Reference to component manager (passed to Script)
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
+/**
+ * \brief Add a BehaviorScript component to this game object
+ *
+ * The \c BehaviorScript class is the only exception to the ECS harmony, and requires a
+ * reference to the component manager passed to its constructor in order to function normally.
+ * This is because the \c BehaviorScript (and \c Script) classes are the only component-related
+ * classes that store implemented member functions as data.
+ */
+template <>
+BehaviorScript & GameObject::add_component<BehaviorScript>();
+
 } // namespace crepe
 
 #include "BehaviorScript.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
index 4751607..d80321d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "Script.h"
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 template <class T>
 BehaviorScript & BehaviorScript::set_script() {
-	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Script, T>::value);
 	dbg_trace();
+	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Script, T>::value);
 	Script * s = new T();
-	s->parent = this;
+	s->game_object_id = this->game_object_id;
+	s->component_manager_ref = &this->component_manager;
 	this->script = std::unique_ptr<Script>(s);
 	return *this;
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
index 85696c4..f9b370f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	# AudioSource.cpp
 	BehaviorScript.cpp
-	Script.cpp
 	GameObject.cpp
 	Rigidbody.cpp
 	ParticleEmitter.cpp
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
index 6355a03..5835bdd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Camera.h"
 #include "Color.h"
@@ -9,7 +6,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Camera::Camera(uint32_t id, const Color & bg_color)
+Camera::Camera(game_object_id_t id, const Color & bg_color)
 	: Component(id),
 	  bg_color(bg_color) {
 	dbg_trace();
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Camera.h b/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
index ba3a9ef..e0cda34 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "Color.h"
 #include "Component.h"
 
@@ -11,9 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
  * \class Camera
  * \brief Represents a camera component for rendering in the game.
  *
- * The Camera class defines the view parameters, including background color, 
- * aspect ratio, position, and zoom level. It controls what part of the game 
- * world is visible on the screen.
+ * The Camera class defines the view parameters, including background color, aspect ratio,
+ * position, and zoom level. It controls what part of the game world is visible on the screen.
  */
 class Camera : public Component {
 
@@ -23,7 +20,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param id Unique identifier for the camera component.
 	 * \param bg_color Background color for the camera view.
 	 */
-	Camera(uint32_t id, const Color & bg_color);
+	Camera(game_object_id_t id, const Color & bg_color);
 	~Camera(); // dbg_trace only
 
 public:
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Config.h b/src/crepe/api/Config.h
index 8c9e643..3ab877a 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Config.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Config.h
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Global configuration interface
+ *
+ * This class stores engine default settings. Properties on this class are only supposed to be
+ * modified *before* execution is handed over from the game programmer to the engine (i.e. the
+ * main loop is started).
+ */
 class Config {
-private:
-	Config() = default;
-
-public:
-	~Config() = default;
-
 public:
 	//! Retrieve handle to global Config instance
 	static Config & get_instance();
+
+private:
+	Config() = default;
+
 	// singleton
 	Config(const Config &) = delete;
 	Config(Config &&) = delete;
@@ -26,10 +31,9 @@ public:
 		/**
 		 * \brief Log level
 		 *
-		 * Only messages with equal or higher priority than this value will be
-		 * logged.
+		 * Only messages with equal or higher priority than this value will be logged.
 		 */
-		LogLevel level = LogLevel::INFO;
+		Log::Level level = Log::Level::INFO;
 		/**
 		 * \brief Colored log output
 		 *
@@ -43,8 +47,8 @@ public:
 		/**
 		 * \brief Save file location
 		 *
-		 * This location is used by the constructor of SaveManager, and should be
-		 * set before save manager functionality is attempted to be used.
+		 * This location is used by the constructor of SaveManager, and should be set before save
+		 * manager functionality is attempted to be used.
 		 */
 		std::string location = "save.crepe.db";
 	} savemgr;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
index d252e77..287e81d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 #include "api/Transform.h"
 
+#include "BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "GameObject.h"
 #include "Metadata.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
-GameObject::GameObject(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-					   const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
-					   double rotation, double scale)
-	: id(id) {
+GameObject::GameObject(ComponentManager & component_manager, game_object_id_t id,
+					   const std::string & name, const std::string & tag,
+					   const Vector2 & position, double rotation, double scale)
+	: id(id),
+	  component_manager(component_manager) {
+
 	// Add Transform and Metadata components
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	mgr.add_component<Transform>(this->id, position, rotation, scale);
 	mgr.add_component<Metadata>(this->id, name, tag);
 }
 
 void GameObject::set_parent(const GameObject & parent) {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
 	// Set parent on own Metadata component
 	vector<reference_wrapper<Metadata>> this_metadata
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
index d703730..34ef8bb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
@@ -2,25 +2,26 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include "Vector2.h"
 #include "types.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-class Vector2;
+class ComponentManager;
 
 /**
  * \brief Represents a GameObject
  * 
- * This class represents a GameObject. The GameObject class is only used
- * as an interface for the game programmer. The actual implementation is
- * done in the ComponentManager.
+ * This class represents a GameObject. The GameObject class is only used as an interface for
+ * the game programmer. The actual implementation is done in the ComponentManager.
  */
 class GameObject {
-public:
+private:
 	/**
-	 * This constructor creates a new GameObject. It creates a new
-	 * Transform and Metadata component and adds them to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This constructor creates a new GameObject. It creates a new Transform and Metadata
+	 * component and adds them to the ComponentManager.
 	 * 
+	 * \param component_manager Reference to component_manager
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject
 	 * \param name The name of the GameObject
 	 * \param tag The tag of the GameObject
@@ -28,15 +29,19 @@ public:
 	 * \param rotation The rotation of the GameObject
 	 * \param scale The scale of the GameObject
 	 */
-	GameObject(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-			   const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
+	GameObject(ComponentManager & component_manager, game_object_id_t id,
+			   const std::string & name, const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
 			   double rotation, double scale);
+	//! ComponentManager instances GameObject
+	friend class ComponentManager;
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Set the parent of this GameObject
 	 * 
-	 * This method sets the parent of this GameObject. It sets the parent
-	 * in the Metadata component of this GameObject and adds this GameObject
-	 * to the children list of the parent GameObject.
+	 * This method sets the parent of this GameObject. It sets the parent in the Metadata
+	 * component of this GameObject and adds this GameObject to the children list of the parent
+	 * GameObject.
 	 * 
 	 * \param parent The parent GameObject
 	 */
@@ -44,8 +49,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Add a component to the GameObject
 	 * 
-	 * This method adds a component to the GameObject. It forwards the
-	 * arguments to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This method adds a component to the GameObject. It forwards the arguments to the
+	 * ComponentManager.
 	 * 
 	 * \tparam T The type of the component
 	 * \tparam Args The types of the arguments
@@ -58,6 +63,9 @@ public:
 public:
 	//! The id of the GameObject
 	const game_object_id_t id;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
index bfba7fe..17b17d7 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
 T & GameObject::add_component(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	return mgr.add_component<T>(this->id, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
index 2e9823f..a64366f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
+
+#include "../system/AnimatorSystem.h"
+#include "../system/CollisionSystem.h"
+#include "../system/ParticleSystem.h"
+#include "../system/PhysicsSystem.h"
 #include "../system/RenderSystem.h"
 #include "../system/ScriptSystem.h"
 
@@ -7,11 +11,21 @@
 #include "LoopTimer.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
+
+LoopManager::LoopManager() {
+	this->load_system<AnimatorSystem>();
+	this->load_system<CollisionSystem>();
+	this->load_system<ParticleSystem>();
+	this->load_system<PhysicsSystem>();
+	this->load_system<RenderSystem>();
+	this->load_system<ScriptSystem>();
+}
 
-LoopManager::LoopManager() {}
 void LoopManager::process_input() {
 	SDLContext::get_instance().handle_events(this->game_running);
 }
+
 void LoopManager::start() {
 	this->setup();
 	this->loop();
@@ -48,7 +62,7 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 
 void LoopManager::render() {
 	if (this->game_running) {
-		RenderSystem::get_instance().update();
+		this->get_system<RenderSystem>().update();
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
index 2f03193..f6904be 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
@@ -2,15 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
-class RenderSystem;
-class SDLContext;
-class LoopTimer;
-class ScriptSystem;
-class SoundSystem;
-class ParticleSystem;
-class PhysicsSystem;
-class AnimatorSystem;
-class CollisionSystem;
+#include "../ComponentManager.h"
+#include "../system/System.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
 class LoopManager {
@@ -73,7 +67,35 @@ private:
 	void render();
 
 	bool game_running = false;
-	//#TODO add system instances
+
+private:
+	//! Component manager instance
+	ComponentManager component_manager{};
+
+private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Collection of System instances
+	 *
+	 * This map holds System instances indexed by the system's class typeid. It is filled in the
+	 * constructor of \c LoopManager using LoopManager::load_system.
+	 */
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::unique_ptr<System>> systems;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Initialize a system
+	 * \tparam T System type (must be derivative of \c System)
+	 */
+	template <class T>
+	void load_system();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Retrieve a reference to ECS system
+	 * \tparam T System type
+	 * \returns Reference to system instance
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if the System is not initialized
+	 */
+	template <class T>
+	T & get_system();
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
+
+#include "LoopManager.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b14fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <format>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "../system/System.h"
+
+#include "LoopManager.h"
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+template <class T>
+T & LoopManager::get_system() {
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<System, T>::value,
+				  "get_system must recieve a derivative class of System");
+
+	const type_info & type = typeid(T);
+	if (!this->systems.contains(type))
+		throw runtime_error(format("LoopManager: {} is not initialized", type.name()));
+
+	System * system = this->systems.at(type).get();
+	T * concrete_system = dynamic_cast<T *>(system);
+	assert(concrete_system != nullptr);
+
+	return *concrete_system;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+void LoopManager::load_system() {
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<System, T>::value,
+				  "load_system must recieve a derivative class of System");
+
+	System * system = new T(this->component_manager);
+	this->systems[typeid(T)] = unique_ptr<System>(system);
+}
+
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
index 8f09e41..a9800b7 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "LoopTimer.h"
 
@@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ void LoopTimer::start() {
 void LoopTimer::update() {
 	auto current_frame_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 	// Convert to duration in seconds for delta time
-	this->delta_time
-		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
-			current_frame_time - last_frame_time);
+	this->delta_time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
+		current_frame_time - last_frame_time);
 
 	if (this->delta_time > this->maximum_delta_time) {
 		this->delta_time = this->maximum_delta_time;
@@ -39,17 +38,11 @@ void LoopTimer::update() {
 
 double LoopTimer::get_delta_time() const { return this->delta_time.count(); }
 
-double LoopTimer::get_current_time() const {
-	return this->elapsed_time.count();
-}
+double LoopTimer::get_current_time() const { return this->elapsed_time.count(); }
 
-void LoopTimer::advance_fixed_update() {
-	this->elapsed_fixed_time += this->fixed_delta_time;
-}
+void LoopTimer::advance_fixed_update() { this->elapsed_fixed_time += this->fixed_delta_time; }
 
-double LoopTimer::get_fixed_delta_time() const {
-	return this->fixed_delta_time.count();
-}
+double LoopTimer::get_fixed_delta_time() const { return this->fixed_delta_time.count(); }
 
 void LoopTimer::set_fps(int fps) {
 	this->fps = fps;
@@ -66,13 +59,13 @@ void LoopTimer::enforce_frame_rate() {
 	std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point current_frame_time
 		= std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 	std::chrono::milliseconds frame_duration
-		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-			current_frame_time - this->last_frame_time);
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(current_frame_time
+																- this->last_frame_time);
 
 	if (frame_duration < this->frame_target_time) {
 		std::chrono::milliseconds delay_time
-			= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-				this->frame_target_time - frame_duration);
+			= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(this->frame_target_time
+																	- frame_duration);
 		if (delay_time.count() > 0) {
 			SDLContext::get_instance().delay(delay_time.count());
 		}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
index 85687be..f277d7b 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
@@ -1,124 +1,123 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace crepe {
 
 class LoopTimer {
 public:
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the singleton instance of LoopTimer.
-     *
-     * \return A reference to the LoopTimer instance.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the singleton instance of LoopTimer.
+	 *
+	 * \return A reference to the LoopTimer instance.
+	 */
 	static LoopTimer & get_instance();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current delta time for the current frame.
-     *
-     * \return Delta time in seconds since the last frame.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current delta time for the current frame.
+	 *
+	 * \return Delta time in seconds since the last frame.
+	 */
 	double get_delta_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current game time.
-     *
-     * \note The current game time may vary from real-world elapsed time.
-     * It is the cumulative sum of each frame's delta time.
-     *
-     * \return Elapsed game time in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current game time.
+	 *
+	 * \note The current game time may vary from real-world elapsed time. It is the cumulative
+	 * sum of each frame's delta time.
+	 *
+	 * \return Elapsed game time in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_current_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Set the target frames per second (FPS).
-     *
-     * \param fps The desired frames rendered per second.
-     */
+	 * \brief Set the target frames per second (FPS).
+	 *
+	 * \param fps The desired frames rendered per second.
+	 */
 	void set_fps(int fps);
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current frames per second (FPS).
-     *
-     * \return Current FPS.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current frames per second (FPS).
+	 *
+	 * \return Current FPS.
+	 */
 	int get_fps() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current game scale.
-     *
-     * \return The current game scale, where 0 = paused, 1 = normal speed, and values > 1 speed up the game.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current game scale.
+	 *
+	 * \return The current game scale, where 0 = paused, 1 = normal speed, and values > 1 speed
+	 * up the game.
+	 */
 	double get_game_scale() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Set the game scale.
-     *
-     * \param game_scale The desired game scale (0 = pause, 1 = normal speed, > 1 = speed up).
-     */
+	 * \brief Set the game scale.
+	 *
+	 * \param game_scale The desired game scale (0 = pause, 1 = normal speed, > 1 = speed up).
+	 */
 	void set_game_scale(double game_scale);
 
 private:
 	friend class LoopManager;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Start the loop timer.
-     *
-     * Initializes the timer to begin tracking frame times.
-     */
+	 * \brief Start the loop timer.
+	 *
+	 * Initializes the timer to begin tracking frame times.
+	 */
 	void start();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Enforce the frame rate limit.
-     *
-     * Ensures that the game loop does not exceed the target FPS by delaying
-     * frame updates as necessary.
-     */
+	 * \brief Enforce the frame rate limit.
+	 *
+	 * Ensures that the game loop does not exceed the target FPS by delaying frame updates as
+	 * necessary.
+	 */
 	void enforce_frame_rate();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the fixed delta time for consistent updates.
-     *
-     * Fixed delta time is used for operations that require uniform time steps,
-     * such as physics calculations.
-     *
-     * \return Fixed delta time in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the fixed delta time for consistent updates.
+	 *
+	 * Fixed delta time is used for operations that require uniform time steps, such as physics
+	 * calculations.
+	 *
+	 * \return Fixed delta time in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_fixed_delta_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the accumulated lag in the game loop.
-     *
-     * Lag represents the difference between the target frame time and the
-     * actual frame time, useful for managing fixed update intervals.
-     *
-     * \return Accumulated lag in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the accumulated lag in the game loop.
+	 *
+	 * Lag represents the difference between the target frame time and the actual frame time,
+	 * useful for managing fixed update intervals.
+	 *
+	 * \return Accumulated lag in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_lag() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Construct a new LoopTimer object.
-     *
-     * Private constructor for singleton pattern to restrict instantiation
-     * outside the class.
-     */
+	 * \brief Construct a new LoopTimer object.
+	 *
+	 * Private constructor for singleton pattern to restrict instantiation outside the class.
+	 */
 	LoopTimer();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Update the timer to the current frame.
-     *
-     * Calculates and updates the delta time for the current frame and adds it to
-     * the cumulative game time.
-     */
+	 * \brief Update the timer to the current frame.
+	 *
+	 * Calculates and updates the delta time for the current frame and adds it to the cumulative
+	 * game time.
+	 */
 	void update();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Advance the game loop by a fixed update interval.
-     *
-     * This method progresses the game state by a consistent, fixed time step,
-     * allowing for stable updates independent of frame rate fluctuations.
-     */
+	 * \brief Advance the game loop by a fixed update interval.
+	 *
+	 * This method progresses the game state by a consistent, fixed time step, allowing for
+	 * stable updates independent of frame rate fluctuations.
+	 */
 	void advance_fixed_update();
 
 private:
@@ -131,11 +130,9 @@ private:
 	//! Delta time for the current frame in seconds
 	std::chrono::duration<double> delta_time{0.0};
 	//! Target time per frame in seconds
-	std::chrono::duration<double> frame_target_time
-		= std::chrono::seconds(1) / fps;
+	std::chrono::duration<double> frame_target_time = std::chrono::seconds(1) / fps;
 	//! Fixed delta time for fixed updates in seconds
-	std::chrono::duration<double> fixed_delta_time
-		= std::chrono::seconds(1) / 50;
+	std::chrono::duration<double> fixed_delta_time = std::chrono::seconds(1) / 50;
 	//! Total elapsed game time in seconds
 	std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_time{0.0};
 	//! Total elapsed time for fixed updates in seconds
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h b/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
index c61e006..235d42f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Metadata component
  * 
- * This class represents the Metadata component. It stores the name, tag, parent
- * and children of a GameObject.
+ * This class represents the Metadata component. It stores the name, tag, parent and children
+ * of a GameObject.
  */
 class Metadata : public Component {
 public:
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param name The name of the GameObject
 	 * \param tag The tag of the GameObject
 	 */
-	Metadata(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-			 const std::string & tag);
+	Metadata(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name, const std::string & tag);
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
 	 *
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
index 35f960d..90b77a0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-ParticleEmitter::ParticleEmitter(game_object_id_t game_object_id,
-								 const Data & data)
+ParticleEmitter::ParticleEmitter(game_object_id_t game_object_id, const Data & data)
 	: Component(game_object_id),
 	  data(data) {
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < this->data.max_particles; i++) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
index a9e872f..33112e1 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ class Sprite;
 /**
  * \brief Data holder for particle emission parameters.
  *
- * The ParticleEmitter class stores configuration data for particle properties,
- * defining the characteristics and boundaries of particle emissions.
+ * The ParticleEmitter class stores configuration data for particle properties, defining the
+ * characteristics and boundaries of particle emissions.
  */
 class ParticleEmitter : public Component {
 public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Defines the boundary within which particles are constrained.
 	 *
-	 * This structure specifies the boundary's size and offset, as well as the
-	 * behavior of particles upon reaching the boundary limits.
+	 * This structure specifies the boundary's size and offset, as well as the behavior of
+	 * particles upon reaching the boundary limits.
 	 */
 	struct Boundary {
 		//! boundary width (midpoint is emitter location)
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Holds parameters that control particle emission.
 	 *
-	 * Contains settings for the emitter’s position, particle speed, angle, lifespan,
-	 * boundary, and the sprite used for rendering particles.
+	 * Contains settings for the emitter’s position, particle speed, angle, lifespan, boundary,
+	 * and the sprite used for rendering particles.
 	 */
 	struct Data {
 		//! position of the emitter
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
index 3bf1c5b..6b87695 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-crepe::Rigidbody::Rigidbody(uint32_t game_object_id, const Data & data)
-	: Component(game_object_id),
+crepe::Rigidbody::Rigidbody(game_object_id_t id, const Data & data)
+	: Component(id),
 	  data(data) {}
 
 void crepe::Rigidbody::add_force_linear(const Vector2 & force) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
index 68481f4..3e5c7a3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "../Component.h"
 
 #include "Vector2.h"
@@ -11,8 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Rigidbody class
  * 
- * This class is used by the physics sytem and collision system. 
- * It configures how to system interact with the gameobject for movement and collisions.
+ * This class is used by the physics sytem and collision system. It configures how to system
+ * interact with the gameobject for movement and collisions.
  */
 class Rigidbody : public Component {
 public:
@@ -32,8 +30,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief PhysicsConstraints to constrain movement
 	 * 
-	 * This struct configures the movement constraint for this object.
-	 * If a constraint is enabled the systems will not move the object.
+	 * This struct configures the movement constraint for this object. If a constraint is enabled
+	 * the systems will not move the object.
 	 */
 	struct PhysicsConstraints {
 		//! X constraint
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param game_object_id id of the gameobject the rigibody is added to.
 	 * \param data struct to configure the rigidbody.
 	 */
-	Rigidbody(uint32_t game_object_id, const Data & data);
+	Rigidbody(game_object_id_t id, const Data & data);
 	//! struct to hold data of rigidbody
 	Data data;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
index 43276c5..c5f43ea 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "../facade/DB.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Config.h"
 #include "SaveManager.h"
@@ -139,14 +139,11 @@ ValueBroker<T> SaveManager::get(const string & key, const T & default_value) {
 }
 template ValueBroker<uint8_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint8_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int8_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int8_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint16_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint16_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int16_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint32_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint32_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int32_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint64_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint64_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int64_t &);
 template ValueBroker<float> SaveManager::get(const string &, const float &);
 template ValueBroker<double> SaveManager::get(const string &, const double &);
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
index 4be85fb..3d8c852 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Get a read/write reference to a value and initialize it if it does not yet exist
 	 *
 	 * \param key  The value key
-	 * \param default_value  Value to initialize \c key with if it does not already exist in the database
+	 * \param default_value  Value to initialize \c key with if it does not already exist in the
+	 * database
 	 *
 	 * \return Read/write reference to the value
 	 */
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \return Read/write reference to the value
 	 *
-	 * \note Attempting to read this value before it is initialized (i.e. set)
-	 * will result in an exception
+	 * \note Attempting to read this value before it is initialized (i.e. set) will result in an
+	 * exception
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
 	ValueBroker<T> get(const std::string & key);
@@ -102,8 +103,8 @@ private:
 	 *
 	 * \returns DB instance
 	 *
-	 * This function exists because DB is a facade class, which can't directly be
-	 * used in the API without workarounds
+	 * This function exists because DB is a facade class, which can't directly be used in the API
+	 * without workarounds
 	 *
 	 * TODO: better solution
 	 */
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
index 933edf4..88aa82d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Scene::Scene(const std::string & name) : name(name) {}
+Scene::Scene(ComponentManager & mgr, const std::string & name)
+	: component_manager(mgr),
+	  name(name) {}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Scene.h b/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
index f8bcc3d..0e516b6 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
@@ -4,14 +4,23 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class SceneManager;
+class ComponentManager;
+
 class Scene {
+protected:
+	Scene(ComponentManager & mgr, const std::string & name);
+	friend class SceneManager;
+
 public:
-	Scene(const std::string & name);
 	virtual ~Scene() = default;
-	virtual void load_scene() = 0;
 
 public:
-	std::string name;
+	virtual void load_scene() = 0;
+	const std::string name;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
index dfed6ee..7fb5cb0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
-SceneManager & SceneManager::get_instance() {
-	static SceneManager instance;
-	return instance;
-}
+SceneManager::SceneManager(ComponentManager & mgr) : component_manager(mgr) {}
 
 void SceneManager::set_next_scene(const string & name) { next_scene = name; }
 
@@ -19,18 +16,17 @@ void SceneManager::load_next_scene() {
 	// next scene not set
 	if (this->next_scene.empty()) return;
 
-	auto it
-		= find_if(this->scenes.begin(), this->scenes.end(),
-				  [&next_scene = this->next_scene](unique_ptr<Scene> & scene) {
-					  return scene->name == next_scene;
-				  });
+	auto it = find_if(this->scenes.begin(), this->scenes.end(),
+					  [&next_scene = this->next_scene](unique_ptr<Scene> & scene) {
+						  return scene->name == next_scene;
+					  });
 
 	// next scene not found
 	if (it == this->scenes.end()) return;
 	unique_ptr<Scene> & scene = *it;
 
 	// Delete all components of the current scene
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	mgr.delete_all_components();
 
 	// Load the new scene
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
index 1e0e670..e854794 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ComponentManager;
+
 class SceneManager {
 public:
-	// Singleton
-	static SceneManager & get_instance();
-	SceneManager(const SceneManager &) = delete;
-	SceneManager(SceneManager &&) = delete;
-	SceneManager & operator=(const SceneManager &) = delete;
-	SceneManager & operator=(SceneManager &&) = delete;
+	SceneManager(ComponentManager & mgr);
 
 public:
 	/**
@@ -38,11 +35,9 @@ public:
 	void load_next_scene();
 
 private:
-	SceneManager() = default;
-
-private:
 	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Scene>> scenes;
 	std::string next_scene;
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
index 8bad7b2..714f690 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+
 #include "SceneManager.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T>
 void SceneManager::add_scene(const std::string & name) {
-	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Scene, T>::value,
-				  "T must be derived from Scene");
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<Scene, T>::value, "T must be derived from Scene");
 
-	scenes.emplace_back(make_unique<T>(name));
+	Scene * scene = new T(this->component_manager, name);
+	this->scenes.emplace_back(unique_ptr<Scene>(scene));
 
 	// The first scene added, is the one that will be loaded at the beginning
 	if (next_scene.empty()) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 390cec7..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#include "Script.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.h b/src/crepe/api/Script.h
index 49e625f..2b70379 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Script.h
@@ -2,35 +2,85 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace crepe {
-class ScriptSystem;
-}
+#include "../types.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ScriptSystem;
 class BehaviorScript;
+class ComponentManager;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script interface
+ *
+ * This class is used as a base class for user-defined scripts that can be added to game
+ * objects using the \c BehaviorScript component.
+ *
+ * \note Additional *events* (like Unity's OnDisable and OnEnable) should be implemented as
+ * member or lambda methods in derivative user script classes and registered in \c init().
+ */
 class Script {
-	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
-
 protected:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Script initialization function
+	 *
+	 * This function is called during the ScriptSystem::update() routine *before*
+	 * Script::update() if it (a) has not yet been called and (b) the \c BehaviorScript component
+	 * holding this script instance is active.
+	 */
 	virtual void init() {}
+	/**
+	 * \brief Script update function
+	 *
+	 * This function is called during the ScriptSystem::update() routine if the \c BehaviorScript
+	 * component holding this script instance is active.
+	 */
 	virtual void update() {}
-	// NOTE: additional *events* (like unity's OnDisable and OnEnable) should be
-	// implemented as member methods in derivative user script classes and
-	// registered in init(), otherwise this class will balloon in size with each
-	// added event.
+	//! ScriptSystem calls \c init() and \c update()
+	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
 
 protected:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get single component of type \c T on this game object (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Type of component
+	 *
+	 * \returns Reference to component
+	 *
+	 * \throws nullptr if this game object does not have a component matching type \c T
+	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	T & get_component();
+	T & get_component() const;
+	// TODO: make get_component calls for component types that can have more than 1 instance
+	// cause compile-time errors
 
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get all components of type \c T on this game object (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Type of component
+	 *
+	 * \returns List of component references
+	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components() const;
+
+protected:
+	// NOTE: Script must have a constructor without arguments so the game programmer doesn't need
+	// to manually add `using Script::Script` to their concrete script class.
+	Script() = default;
+	//! Only \c BehaviorScript instantiates Script
+	friend class BehaviorScript;
+
+private:
+	// These references are set by BehaviorScript immediately after calling the constructor of
+	// Script.
+	game_object_id_t game_object_id = -1;
+	ComponentManager * component_manager_ref = nullptr;
+	// TODO: use OptionalRef instead of pointer
 
 private:
-	friend class crepe::BehaviorScript;
-	BehaviorScript * parent = nullptr;
+	//! Flag to indicate if \c init() has been called already
+	bool initialized = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp b/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
index d96c0e8..a064a90 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
@@ -8,18 +8,21 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T>
-T & Script::get_component() {
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> all_components
-		= this->get_components<T>();
-	if (all_components.size() < 1) throw nullptr; // TODO
+T & Script::get_component() const {
+	using namespace std;
+	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> all_components = this->get_components<T>();
+	if (all_components.size() < 1)
+		throw runtime_error(
+			format("Script: no component found with type = {}", typeid(T).name()));
 
 	return all_components.back().get();
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> Script::get_components() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	return mgr.get_components_by_id<T>(this->parent->game_object_id);
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> Script::get_components() const {
+	auto & mgr = *this->component_manager_ref;
+
+	return mgr.get_components_by_id<T>(this->game_object_id);
 }
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
index 6f0433f..bd2d5cf 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 #include "facade/SDLContext.h"
 
 #include "Component.h"
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 using namespace std;
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Sprite::Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const shared_ptr<Texture> image,
-			   const Color & color, const FlipSettings & flip)
+Sprite::Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const shared_ptr<Texture> image, const Color & color,
+			   const FlipSettings & flip)
 	: Component(id),
 	  color(color),
 	  flip(flip),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
index deb3f93..0192793 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "Color.h"
@@ -28,8 +27,8 @@ class AnimatorSystem;
 /**
  * \brief Represents a renderable sprite component.
  *
- * A renderable sprite that can be displayed in the game. It includes a texture,
- * color, and flip settings, and is managed in layers with defined sorting orders.
+ * A renderable sprite that can be displayed in the game. It includes a texture, color, and
+ * flip settings, and is managed in layers with defined sorting orders.
  */
 class Sprite : public Component {
 
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ public:
 	 * \param color Color tint applied to the sprite.
 	 * \param flip Flip settings for horizontal and vertical orientation.
 	 */
-	Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const std::shared_ptr<Texture> image,
-		   const Color & color, const FlipSettings & flip);
+	Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const std::shared_ptr<Texture> image, const Color & color,
+		   const FlipSettings & flip);
 
 	/**
 	 * \brief Destroys the Sprite instance.
@@ -81,7 +80,8 @@ private:
 	//! Reads the all the variables plus the  sprite_rect
 	friend class AnimatorSystem;
 
-	//! Render area of the sprite this will also be adjusted by the AnimatorSystem if an Animator object is present in GameObject
+	//! Render area of the sprite this will also be adjusted by the AnimatorSystem if an Animator
+	// object is present in GameObject
 	Rect sprite_rect;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
index 8ce65c2..734a5bb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <SDL2/SDL_render.h>
 
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Asset.h"
 #include "Texture.h"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Texture::~Texture() {
 
 void Texture::load(unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
 	SDLContext & ctx = SDLContext::get_instance();
-	this->texture = std::move(ctx.texture_from_path(res->canonical()));
+	this->texture = std::move(ctx.texture_from_path(res->get_canonical()));
 }
 
 int Texture::get_width() const {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Texture.h b/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
index b89bc17..6965223 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-// FIXME: this header can't be included because this is an API header, and SDL2
-// development headers won't be bundled with crepe. Why is this facade in the
-// API namespace?
+// FIXME: this header can't be included because this is an API header, and SDL2 development
+// headers won't be bundled with crepe. Why is this facade in the API namespace?
 
 #include <SDL2/SDL_render.h>
 #include <functional>
@@ -19,8 +18,8 @@ class Animator;
  * \class Texture
  * \brief Manages texture loading and properties.
  *
- * The Texture class is responsible for loading an image from a source
- * and providing access to its dimensions. Textures can be used for rendering.
+ * The Texture class is responsible for loading an image from a source and providing access to
+ * its dimensions. Textures can be used for rendering.
  */
 class Texture {
 
@@ -41,8 +40,7 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Destroys the Texture instance, freeing associated resources.
 	 */
 	~Texture();
-	// FIXME: this constructor shouldn't be necessary because this class doesn't
-	// manage memory
+	// FIXME: this constructor shouldn't be necessary because this class doesn't manage memory
 
 	/**
 	 * \brief Gets the width of the texture.
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
index e401120..cd944bd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Transform.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Transform::Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point,
-					 double rotation, double scale)
+Transform::Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation, double scale)
 	: Component(id),
 	  position(point),
 	  rotation(rotation),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Transform.h b/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
index 756e45b..18aa293 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Transform component
  * 
- * This class represents the Transform component. It stores the position,
- * rotation and scale of a GameObject.
+ * This class represents the Transform component. It stores the position, rotation and scale of
+ * a GameObject.
  */
 class Transform : public Component {
 public:
+	//! Translation (shift)
+	Vector2 position = {0, 0};
+	//! Rotation, in degrees
+	double rotation = 0;
+	//! Multiplication factor
+	double scale = 0;
+
+protected:
 	/**
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
 	 * \param point The position of the GameObject
 	 * \param rotation The rotation of the GameObject
 	 * \param scale The scale of the GameObject
 	 */
-	Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation,
-			  double scale);
+	Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation, double scale);
 	/**
-	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
-	 *
-	 * \return The maximum number of instances for this component
+	 * There is always exactly one transform component per entity
+	 * \return 1
 	 */
 	virtual int get_instances_max() const { return 1; }
-
-public:
-	//! Translation (shift)
-	Vector2 position;
-	//! Rotation, in degrees
-	double rotation;
-	//! Multiplication factor
-	double scale;
+	//! ComponentManager instantiates all components
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
index 09b3fa3..30b968e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
@@ -1,57 +1,33 @@
 #include "Vector2.h"
 
-namespace crepe {
+using namespace crepe;
 
-// Constructor with initial values
-Vector2::Vector2(double x, double y) : x(x), y(y) {}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator-(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x - other.x, y - other.y}; }
 
-// Subtracts another vector from this vector and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator-(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return {x - other.x, y - other.y};
-}
-
-// Adds another vector to this vector and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator+(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return {x + other.x, y + other.y};
-}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator+(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x + other.x, y + other.y}; }
 
-// Multiplies this vector by a scalar and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator*(double scalar) const {
-	return {x * scalar, y * scalar};
-}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator*(double scalar) const { return {x * scalar, y * scalar}; }
 
-// Multiplies this vector by another vector element-wise and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator*=(const Vector2 & other) {
 	x *= other.x;
 	y *= other.y;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Adds another vector to this vector and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator+=(const Vector2 & other) {
 	x += other.x;
 	y += other.y;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Adds a scalar value to both components of this vector and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator+=(double other) {
 	x += other;
 	y += other;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Returns the negation of this vector.
 Vector2 Vector2::operator-() const { return {-x, -y}; }
 
-// Checks if this vector is equal to another vector.
-bool Vector2::operator==(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return x == other.x && y == other.y;
-}
-
-// Checks if this vector is not equal to another vector.
-bool Vector2::operator!=(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return !(*this == other);
-}
+bool Vector2::operator==(const Vector2 & other) const { return x == other.x && y == other.y; }
 
-} // namespace crepe
+bool Vector2::operator!=(const Vector2 & other) const { return !(*this == other); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
index 5a57484..2fb6136 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
@@ -2,19 +2,12 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-//! Vector2 class
-class Vector2 {
-public:
+//! 2D vector
+struct Vector2 {
 	//! X component of the vector
-	double x;
+	double x = 0;
 	//! Y component of the vector
-	double y;
-
-	//! Default constructor
-	Vector2() = default;
-
-	//! Constructor with initial values
-	Vector2(double x, double y);
+	double y = 0;
 
 	//! Subtracts another vector from this vector and returns the result.
 	Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 & other) const;
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
index 0a2f455..d5d19dc 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include <cstring>
 
-#include "Exception.h"
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "DB.h"
 
@@ -15,19 +14,18 @@ DB::DB(const string & path) {
 	// init database struct
 	libdb::DB * db;
 	if ((ret = libdb::db_create(&db, NULL, 0)) != 0)
-		throw Exception("db_create: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+		throw runtime_error(format("db_create: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 	this->db = {db, [](libdb::DB * db) { db->close(db, 0); }};
 
 	// load or create database file
-	if ((ret = this->db->open(this->db.get(), NULL, path.c_str(), NULL,
-							  libdb::DB_BTREE, DB_CREATE, 0))
-		!= 0)
-		throw Exception("db->open: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	ret = this->db->open(this->db.get(), NULL, path.c_str(), NULL, libdb::DB_BTREE, DB_CREATE,
+						 0);
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("db->open: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 
 	// create cursor
 	libdb::DBC * cursor;
-	if ((ret = this->db->cursor(this->db.get(), NULL, &cursor, 0)) != 0)
-		throw Exception("db->cursor: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	ret = this->db->cursor(this->db.get(), NULL, &cursor, 0);
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("db->cursor: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 	this->cursor = {cursor, [](libdb::DBC * cursor) { cursor->close(cursor); }};
 }
 
@@ -45,21 +43,24 @@ string DB::get(const string & key) {
 	memset(&db_val, 0, sizeof(libdb::DBT));
 
 	int ret = this->cursor->get(this->cursor.get(), &db_key, &db_val, DB_FIRST);
-	if (ret != 0) throw Exception("cursor->get: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
-	return {static_cast<char *>(db_val.data), db_val.size};
+	if (ret == 0) return {static_cast<char *>(db_val.data), db_val.size};
+
+	string err = format("cursor->get: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	if (ret == DB_NOTFOUND) throw out_of_range(err);
+	else throw runtime_error(err);
 }
 
 void DB::set(const string & key, const string & value) {
 	libdb::DBT db_key = this->to_thing(key);
 	libdb::DBT db_val = this->to_thing(value);
 	int ret = this->db->put(this->db.get(), NULL, &db_key, &db_val, 0);
-	if (ret != 0) throw Exception("cursor->get: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("cursor->get: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 }
 
-bool DB::has(const std::string & key) noexcept {
+bool DB::has(const std::string & key) {
 	try {
 		this->get(key);
-	} catch (...) {
+	} catch (std::out_of_range &) {
 		return false;
 	}
 	return true;
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/DB.h b/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
index 7c757a2..629b0eb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Berkeley DB facade
  *
- * Berkeley DB is a simple key-value database that stores arbitrary data as
- * both key and value. This facade uses STL strings as keys/values.
+ * Berkeley DB is a simple key-value database that stores arbitrary data as both key and value.
+ * This facade uses STL strings as keys/values.
  */
 class DB {
 public:
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \return The value
 	 *
-	 * \throws Exception if value is not found in DB or other error occurs
+	 * \throws std::out_of_range if value is not found in DB
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if other error occurs
 	 */
 	std::string get(const std::string & key);
 	/**
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param key  The value key
 	 * \param value  The value to store
 	 *
-	 * \throws Exception if an error occurs
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if an error occurs
 	 */
 	void set(const std::string & key, const std::string & value);
 	/**
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \returns True if the key exists, or false if it does not
 	 */
-	bool has(const std::string & key) noexcept;
+	bool has(const std::string & key);
 
 private:
 	//! RAII wrapper around \c DB struct
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
index febbe4b..40189f6 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 #include "../api/Sprite.h"
 #include "../api/Texture.h"
 #include "../api/Transform.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
-#include "Exception.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "SDLContext.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
 SDLContext & SDLContext::get_instance() {
 	static SDLContext instance;
@@ -33,26 +33,22 @@ SDLContext::SDLContext() {
 	if (SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) < 0) {
 		throw std::runtime_error("SDL could not initialize!");
 	}
-
-	SDL_Window * tmp_window = SDL_CreateWindow(
-		"Crepe Game Engine", SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED,
-		this->viewport.w, this->viewport.h, 0);
+	SDL_Window * tmp_window
+		= SDL_CreateWindow("Crepe Game Engine", SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED,
+						   this->viewport.w, this->viewport.h, 0);
 	if (!tmp_window) {
 		throw std::runtime_error("Window could not be created!");
 	}
+	this->game_window = {tmp_window, [](SDL_Window * window) { SDL_DestroyWindow(window); }};
 
-	this->game_window
-		= {tmp_window, [](SDL_Window * window) { SDL_DestroyWindow(window); }};
-
-	SDL_Renderer * tmp_renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(
-		this->game_window.get(), -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED);
+	SDL_Renderer * tmp_renderer
+		= SDL_CreateRenderer(this->game_window.get(), -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED);
 	if (!tmp_renderer) {
 		throw std::runtime_error("Renderer could not be created!");
 	}
 
-	this->game_renderer = {tmp_renderer, [](SDL_Renderer * renderer) {
-							   SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-						   }};
+	this->game_renderer
+		= {tmp_renderer, [](SDL_Renderer * renderer) { SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer); }};
 
 	int img_flags = IMG_INIT_PNG;
 	if (!(IMG_Init(img_flags) & img_flags)) {
@@ -95,12 +91,9 @@ void SDLContext::handle_events(bool & running) {
 }
 
 void SDLContext::clear_screen() { SDL_RenderClear(this->game_renderer.get()); }
-void SDLContext::present_screen() {
-	SDL_RenderPresent(this->game_renderer.get());
-}
+void SDLContext::present_screen() { SDL_RenderPresent(this->game_renderer.get()); }
 
-void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
-					  const Camera & cam) {
+void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform, const Camera & cam) {
 
 	SDL_RendererFlip render_flip
 		= (SDL_RendererFlip) ((SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL * sprite.flip.flip_x)
@@ -125,9 +118,7 @@ void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
 		.h = static_cast<int>(adjusted_h),
 	};
 
-	SDL_RenderCopyEx(this->game_renderer.get(),
-					 sprite.sprite_image->texture.get(), &srcrect,
-
+	SDL_RenderCopyEx(this->game_renderer.get(), sprite.sprite_image->texture.get(), &srcrect,
 					 &dstrect, transform.rotation, NULL, render_flip);
 }
 
@@ -137,8 +128,8 @@ void SDLContext::camera(const Camera & cam) {
 	this->viewport.x = static_cast<int>(cam.x) - (this->viewport.w / 2);
 	this->viewport.y = static_cast<int>(cam.y) - (this->viewport.h / 2);
 
-	SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(this->game_renderer.get(), cam.bg_color.r,
-						   cam.bg_color.g, cam.bg_color.b, cam.bg_color.a);
+	SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(this->game_renderer.get(), cam.bg_color.r, cam.bg_color.g,
+						   cam.bg_color.b, cam.bg_color.a);
 }
 
 uint64_t SDLContext::get_ticks() const { return SDL_GetTicks64(); }
@@ -151,22 +142,18 @@ SDLContext::texture_from_path(const std::string & path) {
 		tmp = IMG_Load("../asset/texture/ERROR.png");
 	}
 
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Surface, std::function<void(SDL_Surface *)>>
-		img_surface;
-	img_surface
-		= {tmp, [](SDL_Surface * surface) { SDL_FreeSurface(surface); }};
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Surface, std::function<void(SDL_Surface *)>> img_surface;
+	img_surface = {tmp, [](SDL_Surface * surface) { SDL_FreeSurface(surface); }};
 
-	SDL_Texture * tmp_texture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(
-		this->game_renderer.get(), img_surface.get());
+	SDL_Texture * tmp_texture
+		= SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(this->game_renderer.get(), img_surface.get());
 
 	if (tmp_texture == nullptr) {
-		throw Exception("Texture cannot be load from %s", path.c_str());
+		throw runtime_error(format("Texture cannot be load from {}", path));
 	}
 
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Texture, std::function<void(SDL_Texture *)>>
-		img_texture;
-	img_texture = {tmp_texture,
-				   [](SDL_Texture * texture) { SDL_DestroyTexture(texture); }};
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Texture, std::function<void(SDL_Texture *)>> img_texture;
+	img_texture = {tmp_texture, [](SDL_Texture * texture) { SDL_DestroyTexture(texture); }};
 
 	return img_texture;
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
index 0614036..78ac56b 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-// TODO: SDL_Keycode is defined in a header not distributed with crepe, which
-// means this typedef is unusable when crepe is packaged. Wouter will fix this
-// later.
+// TODO: SDL_Keycode is defined in a header not distributed with crepe, which means this
+// typedef is unusable when crepe is packaged. Wouter will fix this later.
 typedef SDL_Keycode CREPE_KEYCODES;
 
 class Texture;
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ class LoopManager;
  * \class SDLContext
  * \brief Facade for the SDL library
  * 
- * SDLContext is a singleton that handles the SDL window and renderer, provides methods
- * for event handling, and rendering to the screen. It is never used directly by the user
+ * SDLContext is a singleton that handles the SDL window and renderer, provides methods for
+ * event handling, and rendering to the screen. It is never used directly by the user
  */
 class SDLContext {
 
@@ -64,9 +63,8 @@ private:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Pauses the execution for a specified duration.
 	 *
-	 * This function uses SDL's delay function to halt the program execution
-	 * for a given number of milliseconds, allowing for frame rate control
-	 * or other timing-related functionality.
+	 * This function uses SDL's delay function to halt the program execution for a given number
+	 * of milliseconds, allowing for frame rate control or other timing-related functionality.
 	 *
 	 * \param ms Duration of the delay in milliseconds.
 	 */
@@ -123,8 +121,7 @@ private:
 	 * \param transform Reference to the Transform for positioning.
 	 * \param camera Reference to the Camera for view adjustments.
 	 */
-	void draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
-			  const Camera & camera);
+	void draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform, const Camera & camera);
 
 	void draw_particle(const Vector2 & pos, const Camera & camera);
 
@@ -145,8 +142,7 @@ private:
 	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Window, std::function<void(SDL_Window *)>> game_window;
 
 	//! renderer for the crepe engine
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Renderer, std::function<void(SDL_Renderer *)>>
-		game_renderer;
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Renderer, std::function<void(SDL_Renderer *)>> game_renderer;
 
 	//! viewport for the camera window
 	SDL_Rect viewport = {0, 0, 640, 480};
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
index 648ec81..7aa89a9 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Sound.h"
 #include "SoundContext.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-Sound::Sound(std::unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
+Sound::Sound(unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
 	dbg_trace();
 	this->load(std::move(res));
 }
 
 Sound::Sound(const char * src) {
 	dbg_trace();
-	this->load(std::make_unique<Asset>(src));
+	this->load(make_unique<Asset>(src));
 }
 
-void Sound::load(std::unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
-	this->sample.load(res->canonical());
-}
+void Sound::load(unique_ptr<Asset> res) { this->sample.load(res->get_canonical().c_str()); }
 
 void Sound::play() {
 	SoundContext & ctx = SoundContext::get_instance();
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
index 183bd7c..32b6478 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
@@ -8,34 +8,37 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Sound resource facade
+ *
+ * This class is a wrapper around a \c SoLoud::Wav instance, which holds a
+ * single sample. It is part of the sound facade.
+ */
 class Sound {
 public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Pause this sample
 	 *
-	 * Pauses this sound if it is playing, or does nothing if it is already
-	 * paused. The playhead position is saved, such that calling \c play() after
-	 * this function makes the sound resume.
+	 * Pauses this sound if it is playing, or does nothing if it is already paused. The playhead
+	 * position is saved, such that calling \c play() after this function makes the sound resume.
 	 */
 	void pause();
 	/**
 	 * \brief Play this sample
 	 *
-	 * Resume playback if this sound is paused, or start from the beginning of
-	 * the sample.
+	 * Resume playback if this sound is paused, or start from the beginning of the sample.
 	 *
-	 * \note This class only saves a reference to the most recent 'voice' of this
-	 * sound. Calling \c play() while the sound is already playing causes
-	 * multiple instances of the sample to play simultaniously. The sample
-	 * started last is the one that is controlled afterwards.
+	 * \note This class only saves a reference to the most recent 'voice' of this sound. Calling
+	 * \c play() while the sound is already playing causes multiple instances of the sample to
+	 * play simultaniously. The sample started last is the one that is controlled afterwards.
 	 */
 	void play();
 	/**
 	 * \brief Reset playhead position
 	 * 
-	 * Resets the playhead position so that calling \c play() after this function
-	 * makes it play from the start of the sample. If the sound is not paused
-	 * before calling this function, this function will stop playback.
+	 * Resets the playhead position so that calling \c play() after this function makes it play
+	 * from the start of the sample. If the sound is not paused before calling this function,
+	 * this function will stop playback.
 	 */
 	void rewind();
 	/**
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
index 5e5a3a9..deb2b62 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "SoundContext.h"
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
index d3123d2..d703c16 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
@@ -6,19 +6,24 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Sound engine facade
+ *
+ * This class is a wrapper around a \c SoLoud::Soloud instance, which provides
+ * the methods for playing \c Sound instances. It is part of the sound facade.
+ */
 class SoundContext {
 private:
+	// singleton
 	SoundContext();
 	virtual ~SoundContext();
-
-	// singleton
-	static SoundContext & get_instance();
 	SoundContext(const SoundContext &) = delete;
 	SoundContext(SoundContext &&) = delete;
 	SoundContext & operator=(const SoundContext &) = delete;
 	SoundContext & operator=(SoundContext &&) = delete;
 
 private:
+	static SoundContext & get_instance();
 	SoLoud::Soloud engine;
 	friend class Sound;
 };
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
index bf45362..9d18873 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
@@ -1,27 +1,17 @@
-
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "api/Animator.h"
 #include "facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "util/log.h"
 
 #include "AnimatorSystem.h"
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-AnimatorSystem::AnimatorSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-AnimatorSystem::~AnimatorSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-AnimatorSystem & AnimatorSystem::get_instance() {
-	static AnimatorSystem instance;
-	return instance;
-}
-
 void AnimatorSystem::update() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Animator>> animations
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Animator>();
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
index 969e9d1..56cc7b3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
@@ -17,28 +17,16 @@ namespace crepe {
 class AnimatorSystem : public System {
 
 public:
-	/**
-	 * \brief Retrieves the singleton instance of the AnimatorSystem.
-	 *
-	 * \return A reference to the single instance of the AnimatorSystem.
-	 *
-	 * This method ensures that there is only one instance of the AnimatorSystem, following the
-	 * singleton design pattern. It can be used to access the system globally.
-	 */
-	static AnimatorSystem & get_instance();
-
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the Animator components.
 	 *
 	 * This method is called periodically (likely every frame) to update the state of all
-	 * Animator components, moving the animations forward and managing their behavior (e.g., looping).
+	 * Animator components, moving the animations forward and managing their behavior (e.g.,
+	 * looping).
 	 */
 	void update() override;
-
-private:
-	// private because singleton
-	AnimatorSystem(); // dbg_trace
-	~AnimatorSystem(); // dbg_trace
+	// FIXME: never say "likely" in the documentation lmao
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
index 4c18b87..d658b25 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
+	System.cpp
 	ParticleSystem.cpp
 	ScriptSystem.cpp
 	PhysicsSystem.cpp
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
index 55e0fdc..c74ca1d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,4 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-CollisionSystem::CollisionSystem() {}
-
 void CollisionSystem::update() {}
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
index 1e9f1aa..c1a70d8 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "System.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
-class CollisionSystem {
+class CollisionSystem : public System {
 public:
-	CollisionSystem();
-	void update();
+	using System::System;
+	void update() override;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
index e7a3bec..7316309 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
@@ -13,20 +13,17 @@ using namespace crepe;
 
 void ParticleSystem::update() {
 	// Get all emitters
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<ParticleEmitter>> emitters
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<ParticleEmitter>();
 
 	for (ParticleEmitter & emitter : emitters) {
 		// Get transform linked to emitter
 		const Transform & transform
-			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(emitter.game_object_id)
-				  .front()
-				  .get();
+			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(emitter.game_object_id).front().get();
 
 		// Emit particles based on emission_rate
-		int updates
-			= calculate_update(this->update_count, emitter.data.emission_rate);
+		int updates = calculate_update(this->update_count, emitter.data.emission_rate);
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < updates; i++) {
 			emit_particle(emitter, transform);
 		}
@@ -45,8 +42,7 @@ void ParticleSystem::update() {
 	this->update_count = (this->update_count + 1) % this->MAX_UPDATE_COUNT;
 }
 
-void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
-								   const Transform & transform) {
+void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform) {
 	constexpr double DEG_TO_RAD = M_PI / 180.0;
 
 	Vector2 initial_position = emitter.data.position + transform.position;
@@ -57,13 +53,13 @@ void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 		= generate_random_speed(emitter.data.min_speed, emitter.data.max_speed);
 	double angle_radians = random_angle * DEG_TO_RAD;
 
-	Vector2 velocity = {random_speed * std::cos(angle_radians),
-						random_speed * std::sin(angle_radians)};
+	Vector2 velocity
+		= {random_speed * std::cos(angle_radians), random_speed * std::sin(angle_radians)};
 
 	for (Particle & particle : emitter.data.particles) {
 		if (!particle.active) {
-			particle.reset(emitter.data.end_lifespan, initial_position,
-						   velocity, random_angle);
+			particle.reset(emitter.data.end_lifespan, initial_position, velocity,
+						   random_angle);
 			break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -81,10 +77,8 @@ int ParticleSystem::calculate_update(int count, double emission) const {
 	return static_cast<int>(emission);
 }
 
-void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
-								  const Transform & transform) {
-	Vector2 offset = emitter.data.boundary.offset + transform.position
-					 + emitter.data.position;
+void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform) {
+	Vector2 offset = emitter.data.boundary.offset + transform.position + emitter.data.position;
 	double half_width = emitter.data.boundary.width / 2.0;
 	double half_height = emitter.data.boundary.height / 2.0;
 
@@ -95,8 +89,8 @@ void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 
 	for (Particle & particle : emitter.data.particles) {
 		const Vector2 & position = particle.position;
-		bool within_bounds = (position.x >= LEFT && position.x <= RIGHT
-							  && position.y >= TOP && position.y <= BOTTOM);
+		bool within_bounds = (position.x >= LEFT && position.x <= RIGHT && position.y >= TOP
+							  && position.y <= BOTTOM);
 
 		if (!within_bounds) {
 			if (emitter.data.boundary.reset_on_exit) {
@@ -112,30 +106,25 @@ void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 	}
 }
 
-double ParticleSystem::generate_random_angle(double min_angle,
-											 double max_angle) const {
+double ParticleSystem::generate_random_angle(double min_angle, double max_angle) const {
 	if (min_angle == max_angle) {
 		return min_angle;
 	} else if (min_angle < max_angle) {
 		return min_angle
-			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand()
-									 % static_cast<int>(max_angle - min_angle));
+			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(max_angle - min_angle));
 	} else {
 		double angle_offset = (360 - min_angle) + max_angle;
-		double random_angle = min_angle
-							  + static_cast<double>(
-								  std::rand() % static_cast<int>(angle_offset));
+		double random_angle
+			= min_angle + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(angle_offset));
 		return (random_angle >= 360) ? random_angle - 360 : random_angle;
 	}
 }
 
-double ParticleSystem::generate_random_speed(double min_speed,
-											 double max_speed) const {
+double ParticleSystem::generate_random_speed(double min_speed, double max_speed) const {
 	if (min_speed == max_speed) {
 		return min_speed;
 	} else {
 		return min_speed
-			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand()
-									 % static_cast<int>(max_speed - min_speed));
+			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(max_speed - min_speed));
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
index d7ca148..c647284 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
@@ -5,66 +5,75 @@
 #include "System.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 class ParticleEmitter;
 class Transform;
+
 /**
- 	* \brief ParticleSystem class responsible for managing particle emission, updates, and bounds checking.
- 	*/
+ * \brief ParticleSystem class responsible for managing particle emission, updates, and bounds
+ * checking.
+ */
 class ParticleSystem : public System {
 public:
+	using System::System;
 	/**
-		* \brief Updates all particle emitters by emitting particles, updating particle states, and checking bounds.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Updates all particle emitters by emitting particles, updating particle states, and
+	 * checking bounds.
+	 */
 	void update() override;
 
 private:
 	/**
-		* \brief Emits a particle from the specified emitter based on its emission properties.
-		* 
-		* \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
-		* \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Emits a particle from the specified emitter based on its emission properties.
+	 * 
+	 * \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
+	 * \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
+	 */
 	void emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform);
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Calculates the number of times particles should be emitted based on emission rate and update count.
-		* 
-		* \param count Current update count.
-		* \param emission Emission rate.
-		* \return The number of particles to emit.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Calculates the number of times particles should be emitted based on emission rate
+	 * and update count.
+	 * 
+	 * \param count Current update count.
+	 * \param emission Emission rate.
+	 * \return The number of particles to emit.
+	 */
 	int calculate_update(int count, double emission) const;
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Checks whether particles are within the emitter’s boundary, resets or stops particles if they exit.
-		* 
-		* \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
-		* \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Checks whether particles are within the emitter’s boundary, resets or stops
+	 * particles if they exit.
+	 * 
+	 * \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
+	 * \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
+	 */
 	void check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform);
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Generates a random angle for particle emission within the specified range.
-		* 
-		* \param min_angle Minimum emission angle in degrees.
-		* \param max_angle Maximum emission angle in degrees.
-		* \return Random angle in degrees.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Generates a random angle for particle emission within the specified range.
+	 * 
+	 * \param min_angle Minimum emission angle in degrees.
+	 * \param max_angle Maximum emission angle in degrees.
+	 * \return Random angle in degrees.
+	 */
 	double generate_random_angle(double min_angle, double max_angle) const;
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Generates a random speed for particle emission within the specified range.
-		* 
-		* \param min_speed Minimum emission speed.
-		* \param max_speed Maximum emission speed.
-		* \return Random speed.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Generates a random speed for particle emission within the specified range.
+	 * 
+	 * \param min_speed Minimum emission speed.
+	 * \param max_speed Maximum emission speed.
+	 * \return Random speed.
+	 */
 	double generate_random_speed(double min_speed, double max_speed) const;
 
 private:
-	//! Counter to count updates to determine how many times emit_particle is called.
+	//! Counter to count updates to determine how many times emit_particle is
+	// called.
 	unsigned int update_count = 0;
-	//! Determines the lowest amount of emission rate (1000 = 0.001 = 1 particle per 1000 updates).
+	//! Determines the lowest amount of emission rate (1000 = 0.001 = 1 particle per 1000
+	// updates).
 	static constexpr unsigned int MAX_UPDATE_COUNT = 100;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
index eb54ad3..4a7dbfb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 using namespace crepe;
 
 void PhysicsSystem::update() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Rigidbody>();
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
@@ -29,17 +29,15 @@ void PhysicsSystem::update() {
 						// Add gravity
 						if (rigidbody.data.use_gravity) {
 							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y
-								+= (rigidbody.data.mass
-									* rigidbody.data.gravity_scale * gravity);
+								+= (rigidbody.data.mass * rigidbody.data.gravity_scale
+									* gravity);
 						}
 						// Add damping
 						if (rigidbody.data.angular_damping != 0) {
-							rigidbody.data.angular_velocity
-								*= rigidbody.data.angular_damping;
+							rigidbody.data.angular_velocity *= rigidbody.data.angular_damping;
 						}
 						if (rigidbody.data.linear_damping != Vector2{0, 0}) {
-							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity
-								*= rigidbody.data.linear_damping;
+							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity *= rigidbody.data.linear_damping;
 						}
 
 						// Max velocity check
@@ -75,21 +73,17 @@ void PhysicsSystem::update() {
 
 						// Move object
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.rotation) {
-							transform.rotation
-								+= rigidbody.data.angular_velocity;
-							transform.rotation
-								= std::fmod(transform.rotation, 360.0);
+							transform.rotation += rigidbody.data.angular_velocity;
+							transform.rotation = std::fmod(transform.rotation, 360.0);
 							if (transform.rotation < 0) {
 								transform.rotation += 360.0;
 							}
 						}
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.x) {
-							transform.position.x
-								+= rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x;
+							transform.position.x += rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x;
 						}
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.y) {
-							transform.position.y
-								+= rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y;
+							transform.position.y += rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y;
 						}
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
index 038c120..227ab69 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
 #include "System.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 /**
  * \brief System that controls all physics
  * 
- * This class is a physics system that uses a rigidbody and transform
- * to add physics to a game object.
+ * This class is a physics system that uses a rigidbody and transform to add physics to a game
+ * object.
  */
 class PhysicsSystem : public System {
 public:
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief updates the physics system.
 	 * 
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
index 6ecd604..23ab738 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
@@ -15,27 +15,13 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-RenderSystem::RenderSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
+void RenderSystem::clear_screen() const { SDLContext::get_instance().clear_screen(); }
 
-RenderSystem::~RenderSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-RenderSystem & RenderSystem::get_instance() {
-	static RenderSystem instance;
-	return instance;
-}
-
-void RenderSystem::clear_screen() const {
-	SDLContext::get_instance().clear_screen();
-}
-
-void RenderSystem::present_screen() const {
-	SDLContext::get_instance().present_screen();
-}
+void RenderSystem::present_screen() const { SDLContext::get_instance().present_screen(); }
 void RenderSystem::update_camera() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Camera>> cameras
-		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Camera>();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Camera>> cameras = mgr.get_components_by_type<Camera>();
 
 	for (Camera & cam : cameras) {
 		SDLContext::get_instance().camera(cam);
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
index 3d6286f..ad44716 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
@@ -12,19 +12,13 @@ namespace crepe {
  * \class RenderSystem
  * \brief Manages rendering operations for all game objects.
  *
- * RenderSystem is responsible for rendering sprites, clearing and presenting the screen, 
- * and managing the active camera. It functions as a singleton, providing centralized 
- * rendering services for the application.
+ * RenderSystem is responsible for rendering sprites, clearing and presenting the screen, and
+ * managing the active camera. It functions as a singleton, providing centralized rendering
+ * services for the application.
  */
 class RenderSystem : public System {
-
 public:
-	/**
-	 * \brief Gets the singleton instance of RenderSystem.
-	 * \return Reference to the RenderSystem instance.
-	 */
-	static RenderSystem & get_instance();
-
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the RenderSystem for the current frame.
 	 * This method is called to perform all rendering operations for the current game frame.
@@ -38,10 +32,6 @@ public:
 	RenderSystem & operator=(RenderSystem &&) = delete;
 
 private:
-	// Private constructor to enforce singleton pattern.
-	RenderSystem();
-	~RenderSystem();
-
 	//! Clears the screen in preparation for rendering.
 	void clear_screen() const;
 
@@ -85,4 +75,5 @@ private:
 	Camera * curr_cam = nullptr;
 	// TODO: needs a better solution
 };
+
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
index f2673e7..c4d724c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include "../ComponentManager.h"
 #include "../api/BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "../api/Script.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
 
 #include "ScriptSystem.h"
 
@@ -13,16 +12,23 @@ using namespace std;
 using namespace crepe;
 
 void ScriptSystem::update() {
-	using namespace std;
 	dbg_trace();
 
-	forward_list<Script *> scripts = this->get_scripts();
-	for (Script * script : scripts) script->update();
+	forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> scripts = this->get_scripts();
+
+	for (auto & script_ref : scripts) {
+		Script & script = script_ref.get();
+		if (!script.initialized) {
+			script.init();
+			script.initialized = true;
+		}
+		script.update();
+	}
 }
 
-forward_list<Script *> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() {
-	forward_list<Script *> scripts = {};
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() const {
+	forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> scripts = {};
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	vector<reference_wrapper<BehaviorScript>> behavior_scripts
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<BehaviorScript>();
 
@@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ forward_list<Script *> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() {
 		if (!behavior_script.active) continue;
 		Script * script = behavior_script.script.get();
 		if (script == nullptr) continue;
-		scripts.push_front(script);
+		scripts.push_front(*script);
 	}
 
 	return scripts;
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
index 4fa6141..deb89cb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
@@ -8,13 +8,32 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 class Script;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script system
+ * 
+ * The script system is responsible for all \c BehaviorScript components, and
+ * calls the methods on classes derived from \c Script.
+ */
 class ScriptSystem : public System {
 public:
-	void update();
+	using System::System;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Call Script::update() on all active \c BehaviorScript instances
+	 *
+	 * This routine updates all scripts sequentially using the Script::update()
+	 * method. It also calls Script::init() if this has not been done before on
+	 * the \c BehaviorScript instance.
+	 */
+	void update() override;
 
 private:
-	// TODO: to forward_list<reference_wrapper>
-	std::forward_list<Script *> get_scripts();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Aggregate all active \c BehaviorScript components and return a list
+	 * of references to their \c Script instances (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \returns List of active \c Script instances
+	 */
+	std::forward_list<std::reference_wrapper<Script>> get_scripts() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/System.cpp b/src/crepe/system/System.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..937a423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/system/System.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "../util/Log.h"
+
+#include "System.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+
+System::System(ComponentManager & mgr) : component_manager(mgr) { dbg_trace(); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/System.h b/src/crepe/system/System.h
index 3b81bef..28ea20e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/System.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/System.h
@@ -2,13 +2,28 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ComponentManager;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Base ECS system class
+ *
+ * This class is used as the base for all system classes. Classes derived from
+ * System must implement the System::update() method and copy Script::Script
+ * with the `using`-syntax.
+ */
 class System {
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Process all components this system is responsible for.
+	 */
 	virtual void update() = 0;
 
 public:
-	System() = default;
+	System(ComponentManager &);
 	virtual ~System() = default;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
index 0fa4343..4be738a 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	LogColor.cpp
-	log.cpp
-	fmt.cpp
+	Log.cpp
 )
 
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
 	LogColor.h
-	log.h
-	fmt.h
+	Log.h
+	Log.hpp
 	Proxy.h
 	Proxy.hpp
 )
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp b/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84d80a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "../api/Config.h"
+
+#include "Log.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
+
+string Log::prefix(const Level & level) {
+	switch (level) {
+		case Level::TRACE:
+			return LogColor().fg_white().str("[TRACE]") + " ";
+		case Level::DEBUG:
+			return LogColor().fg_magenta().str("[DEBUG]") + " ";
+		case Level::INFO:
+			return LogColor().fg_blue().str("[INFO]") + " ";
+		case Level::WARNING:
+			return LogColor().fg_yellow().str("[WARN]") + " ";
+		case Level::ERROR:
+			return LogColor().fg_red().str("[ERROR]") + " ";
+	}
+	return "";
+}
+
+void Log::log(const Level & level, const string & msg) {
+	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
+	if (level < cfg.log.level) return;
+
+	string out = Log::prefix(level) + msg;
+	if (!out.ends_with("\n")) out += "\n";
+
+	// TODO: also log to file or smth
+	cout.write(out.data(), out.size());
+	cout.flush();
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.h b/src/crepe/util/Log.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d55b11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <format>
+
+// allow user to disable debug macros
+#ifndef CREPE_DISABLE_MACROS
+
+#include "LogColor.h"
+
+// utility macros
+#define _crepe_logf_here(level, fmt, ...) \
+	crepe::Log::logf(level, "{}" fmt, \
+					 crepe::LogColor().fg_white(false).str(std::format( \
+						 "{} ({}:{})", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__)), \
+					 __VA_ARGS__)
+
+// very illegal global function-style macros
+// NOLINTBEGIN
+#define dbg_logf(fmt, ...) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::DEBUG, ": " fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbg_log(str) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::DEBUG, ": {}", str)
+#define dbg_trace() _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::TRACE, "", "")
+// NOLINTEND
+
+#endif
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+/**
+ * \brief Logging utility
+ *
+ * This class is used to output log messages to the console and/or log files.
+ */
+class Log {
+public:
+	//! Log message severity
+	enum Level {
+		TRACE, //< Include (internal) function calls
+		DEBUG, //< Include dbg_logf output
+		INFO, //< General-purpose messages
+		WARNING, //< Non-fatal errors
+		ERROR, //< Fatal errors
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Log a formatted message
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 * \param msg Formatted message
+	 */
+	static void log(const Level & level, const std::string & msg);
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Format a message and log it
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 * \param fmt Message format
+	 * \param args Format arguments
+	 */
+	template <class... Args>
+	static void logf(const Level & level, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args);
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Format a message and log it (with default severity \c INFO)
+	 *
+	 * \param fmt Message format
+	 * \param args Format arguments
+	 */
+	template <class... Args>
+	static void logf(std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args);
+
+private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Output a message prefix depending on the log level
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 *
+	 * \return Colored message severity prefix string
+	 */
+	static std::string prefix(const Level & level);
+};
+
+} // namespace crepe
+
+#include "Log.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp b/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2156cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Log.h"
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+template <class... Args>
+void Log::logf(std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args) {
+	Log::logf(Level::INFO, fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <class... Args>
+void Log::logf(const Level & level, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args) {
+	Log::log(level, std::format(fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+}
+
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
index b5fe3ea..5411898 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 #include <cstdarg>
 
 #include "../api/Config.h"
-#include "LogColor.h"
 
-#include "fmt.h"
+#include "LogColor.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 static constexpr const char * RESET_CODE = "\e[0m";
 
-const string LogColor::str(const string & content) {
+const string LogColor::str(const string & content) const {
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
 	string out = content;
 	if (cfg.log.color) out = this->code + out;
@@ -19,21 +18,8 @@ const string LogColor::str(const string & content) {
 	return out;
 }
 
-const char * LogColor::c_str(const char * content) {
-	this->final = this->str(content == NULL ? "" : content);
-	return this->final.c_str();
-}
-
-const char * LogColor::fmt(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	string content = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-	return this->c_str(content.c_str());
-}
-
 LogColor & LogColor::add_code(unsigned int code) {
-	this->code += stringf("\e[%dm", code);
+	this->code += format("\e[{}m", code);
 	return *this;
 }
 
@@ -42,51 +28,19 @@ LogColor & LogColor::reset() {
 	return *this;
 }
 
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_black(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 90 : 30);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_red(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 91 : 31);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_green(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 92 : 32);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_yellow(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 93 : 33);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_blue(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 94 : 34);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_magenta(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 95 : 35);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_cyan(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 96 : 36);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_white(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 97 : 37);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_black(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 100 : 40);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_red(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 101 : 41);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_green(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 102 : 42);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_yellow(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 103 : 43);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_blue(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 104 : 44);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_magenta(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 105 : 45);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_cyan(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 106 : 46);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_white(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 107 : 47);
-}
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_black(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 90 : 30); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_red(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 91 : 31); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_green(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 92 : 32); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_yellow(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 93 : 33); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_blue(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 94 : 34); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_magenta(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 95 : 35); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_cyan(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 96 : 36); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_white(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 97 : 37); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_black(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 100 : 40); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_red(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 101 : 41); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_green(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 102 : 42); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_yellow(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 103 : 43); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_blue(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 104 : 44); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_magenta(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 105 : 45); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_cyan(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 106 : 46); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_white(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 107 : 47); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
index c1170cb..132fb94 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
+++ b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
@@ -4,23 +4,35 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Utility class for coloring text using ANSI escape codes
+ *
+ * \note Most methods in this class return a reference to \c this, which may be
+ * used to chain multiple display attributes.
+ */
 class LogColor {
 public:
-	LogColor() = default;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get color code as STL string
+	 *
+	 * \param content If given, color this string and append a color reset escape sequence.
+	 *
+	 * \returns Color escape sequence
+	 */
+	const std::string str(const std::string & content = "") const;
 
 public:
-	//! get color code as c-style string (or color content string)
-	const char * c_str(const char * content = NULL);
-	//! color printf-style format string
-	const char * fmt(const char * fmt, ...);
-	//! get color code as stl string (or color content string)
-	const std::string str(const std::string & content = "");
-
-public:
-	//! reset color to default foreground and background color
+	//! Reset color to default foreground and background color
 	LogColor & reset();
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \name Foreground colors
+	 *
+	 * These functions set the foreground (text) color. The \c bright parameter
+	 * makes the color brighter, or bold on some terminals.
+	 * \{
+	 */
 	LogColor & fg_black(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_red(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_green(bool bright = false);
@@ -29,8 +41,16 @@ public:
 	LogColor & fg_magenta(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_cyan(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_white(bool bright = false);
+	/// \}
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \name Background colors
+	 *
+	 * These functions set the background color. The \c bright parameter makes
+	 * the color brighter.
+	 * \{
+	 */
 	LogColor & bg_black(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_red(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_green(bool bright = false);
@@ -39,13 +59,22 @@ public:
 	LogColor & bg_magenta(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_cyan(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_white(bool bright = false);
+	/// \}
 
 private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Append SGR escape sequence to \c this->code
+	 *
+	 * \param code SGR attribute number
+	 *
+	 * See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code> for magic number
+	 * reference.
+	 */
 	LogColor & add_code(unsigned int code);
 
 private:
+	//! Color escape sequence
 	std::string code = "";
-	std::string final = "";
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h b/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
index f84e462..b34f7c6 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Utility wrapper for \c ValueBroker
  *
- * This class can be used to to wrap a ValueBroker instance so it behaves like
- * a regular variable.
+ * This class can be used to to wrap a ValueBroker instance so it behaves like a regular
+ * variable.
  *
  * \tparam T  Type of the underlying variable
  */
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp b/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b50da8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "fmt.h"
-
-using namespace std;
-
-string crepe::va_stringf(va_list args, const char * fmt) {
-	string out;
-
-	va_list args_copy;
-	va_copy(args_copy, args);
-	size_t length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args_copy);
-	// resize to include terminating null byte
-	out.resize(length + 1);
-	va_end(args_copy);
-
-	// vsnprintf adds terminating null byte
-	vsnprintf(out.data(), out.size(), fmt, args);
-	// resize to actual length
-	out.resize(length);
-
-	va_end(args);
-
-	return out;
-}
-
-string crepe::stringf(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	string out = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-	return out;
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/fmt.h b/src/crepe/util/fmt.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e319e6e..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/fmt.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-std::string va_stringf(va_list args, const char * fmt);
-std::string stringf(const char * fmt, ...);
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/log.cpp b/src/crepe/util/log.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a8f8e8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/log.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "../api/Config.h"
-#include "fmt.h"
-#include "log.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
-using namespace std;
-
-string log_prefix(LogLevel level) {
-	switch (level) {
-		case LogLevel::TRACE:
-			return LogColor().fg_white().str("[TRACE]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::DEBUG:
-			return LogColor().fg_magenta().str("[DEBUG]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::INFO:
-			return LogColor().fg_blue().str("[INFO]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::WARNING:
-			return LogColor().fg_yellow().str("[WARN]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::ERROR:
-			return LogColor().fg_red().str("[ERROR]") + " ";
-	}
-	return "";
-}
-
-static void log(LogLevel level, const string msg) {
-	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	if (level < cfg.log.level) return;
-
-	string out = log_prefix(level) + msg;
-	if (!out.ends_with("\n")) out += "\n";
-
-	// TODO: also log to file or smth
-	fwrite(out.c_str(), 1, out.size(), stdout);
-	fflush(stdout);
-}
-
-void crepe::logf(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	log(LogLevel::DEBUG, va_stringf(args, fmt));
-	va_end(args);
-}
-
-void crepe::logf(LogLevel level, const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	log(level, va_stringf(args, fmt));
-	va_end(args);
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/log.h b/src/crepe/util/log.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a1cf00..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/log.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-// allow user to disable debug macros
-#ifndef CREPE_DISABLE_MACROS
-
-#include "LogColor.h"
-
-// utility macros
-#define _crepe_logf_here(level, format, ...) \
-	crepe::logf( \
-		level, "%s" format, \
-		crepe::LogColor().fg_white(false).fmt( \
-			"%s (%s:%d)", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__), \
-		__VA_ARGS__)
-
-// very illegal global function-style macros
-// NOLINTBEGIN
-#define dbg_logf(fmt, ...) \
-	_crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::DEBUG, ": " fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
-#define dbg_log(str) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::DEBUG, "%s: " str, "")
-#define dbg_trace() _crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::TRACE, "%s", "")
-// NOLINTEND
-
-#endif
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-enum LogLevel {
-	TRACE,
-	DEBUG,
-	INFO,
-	WARNING,
-	ERROR,
-};
-
-void logf(const char * fmt, ...);
-void logf(enum LogLevel level, const char * fmt, ...);
-
-} // namespace crepe