Merge branch 'master' into niels/rendering

28 files changed, 846 insertions, 19 deletions

diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/CMakeLists.txt b/mwe/ecs-homemade/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6267c1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+project(ecs-homemade)
+
+# Set the C++ standard (optional, but good practice)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+
+# Use the debug mode (otherwise breakpoints are not compiled)
+set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
+
+add_executable(ecs-homemade
+	src/main.cpp
+	src/ComponentManager.cpp
+	src/Components.cpp
+	src/GameObjectMax.cpp
+)
+target_include_directories(ecs-homemade PRIVATE "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/inc")
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ba358e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <typeindex>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+class ComponentManager {
+public:
+	static ComponentManager & GetInstance(); //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+
+	//Add a component of a specific type
+	template <typename T, typename... Args>
+	T & AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args);
+	//Deletes all components of a specific type and id
+	template <typename T>
+	void DeleteComponentsById(std::uint32_t id);
+	//Deletes all components of a specific type
+	template <typename T>
+	void DeleteComponents();
+	//Deletes all components of a specific id
+	void DeleteAllComponentsOfId(std::uint32_t id);
+	//Deletes all components
+	void DeleteAllComponents();
+
+	//Get a vector<> of all components at specific type and id
+	template <typename T>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+	GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const;
+	//Get a vector<> of all components of a specific type
+	template <typename T>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByType() const;
+
+private:
+	static ComponentManager mInstance; //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(); //Singleton
+
+	/*
+	 * The std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>> below might seem a bit strange, let me explain this structure:
+	 * The std::unordered_map<> has a key and value. The key is a std::type_index and the value is a std::vector. So, a new std::vector will be created for each new std::type_index.
+	 * The first std::vector<> stores another vector<>. This first vector<> is to bind the entity's id to a component.
+	 * The second std::vector<> stores unique_ptrs. Each component can be gathered via an unique_ptr. This second vector<> allows multiple components of the same std::type_index for one entity (id).
+	 */
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index,
+					   std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
+		mComponents;
+};
+
+#include "ComponentManager.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92db1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+T & ComponentManager::AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Check if this component type is already in the unordered_map<>
+	if (mComponents.find(type) == mComponents.end()) {
+		//If not, create a new (empty) vector<> of vector<unique_ptr<Component>>
+		mComponents[type]
+			= std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>();
+	}
+
+	//Resize the vector<> if the id is greater than the current size
+	if (id >= mComponents[type].size()) {
+		//Initialize new slots to nullptr (resize does automatically init to nullptr)
+		mComponents[type].resize(id + 1);
+	}
+
+	//Create a new component of type T using perfect forwarding and store its unique_ptr in the vector<>
+	mComponents[type][id].push_back(
+		std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+
+	return static_cast<T &>(*mComponents[type][id].back().get());
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ComponentManager::DeleteComponentsById(std::uint32_t id) {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+		//Get the correct vector<>
+		std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> & componentArray
+			= mComponents[type];
+
+		//Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+		if (id < componentArray.size()) {
+			//Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type and id
+			componentArray[id].clear();
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ComponentManager::DeleteComponents() {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+		//Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type
+		mComponents[type].clear();
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+ComponentManager::GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Create an empty vector<>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> componentVector;
+
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+
+		//Get the correct vector<>
+		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
+			componentArray
+			= mComponents.at(type);
+
+		//Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+		if (id < componentArray.size()) {
+			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
+			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr :
+				 componentArray[id]) {
+				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
+				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(componentPtr.get());
+
+				//Ensure that the cast was successful
+				if (castedComponent) {
+					//Add the dereferenced raw pointer to the vector<>
+					componentVector.push_back(*castedComponent);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	//Return the vector<>
+	return componentVector;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Create an empty vector<>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> componentVector;
+	//std::uint32_t id = 0;	//Set the id to 0 (the id will also be stored in the returned vector<>)
+
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+
+		//Get the correct vector<>
+		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
+			componentArray
+			= mComponents.at(type);
+
+		//Loop through the whole vector<>
+		for (const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>> & component :
+			 componentArray) {
+			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
+			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr : component) {
+				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
+				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(componentPtr.get());
+
+				//Ensure that the cast was successful
+				if (castedComponent) {
+					//Pair the dereferenced raw pointer and the id and add it to the vector<>
+					componentVector.emplace_back(std::ref(*castedComponent));
+				}
+			}
+
+			//++id;	//Increase the id (the id will also be stored in the returned vector<>)
+		}
+	}
+
+	//Return the vector<>
+	return componentVector;
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad491e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+class Component {
+public:
+	Component();
+
+	bool mActive;
+};
+
+class Sprite : public Component {
+public:
+	Sprite(std::string path);
+
+	std::string mPath;
+};
+
+class Rigidbody : public Component {
+public:
+	Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType);
+
+	int mMass;
+	int mGravityScale;
+	int mBodyType;
+};
+
+class Colider : public Component {
+public:
+	Colider(int size);
+
+	int mSize;
+};
+
+class IBehaviour {
+public:
+	virtual ~IBehaviour() = default;
+	virtual void onStart() = 0;
+	virtual void onUpdate() = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class BehaviourWrapper : public IBehaviour {
+public:
+	BehaviourWrapper();
+	void onStart() override;
+	void onUpdate() override;
+
+private:
+	T instance;
+};
+
+class BehaviourScript : public Component {
+public:
+	template <typename T>
+	void addScript();
+
+	void onStart();
+	void onUpdate();
+
+private:
+	std::unique_ptr<IBehaviour> behaviour;
+};
+
+#include "Components.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..436a28c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+template <typename T>
+BehaviourWrapper<T>::BehaviourWrapper() : instance() {}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourWrapper<T>::onStart() {
+	instance.onStart();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourWrapper<T>::onUpdate() {
+	instance.onUpdate();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourScript::addScript() {
+	behaviour = std::make_unique<BehaviourWrapper<T>>();
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fab44a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+class GameObject {
+public:
+	GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer);
+
+	template <typename T, typename... Args>
+	T & AddComponent(Args &&... args);
+
+	std::uint32_t mId;
+	std::string mName;
+	std::string mTag;
+	bool mActive;
+	int mLayer;
+};
+
+#include "GameObjectMax.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f433bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+T & GameObject::AddComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	return ComponentManager::GetInstance().AddComponent<T>(
+		mId, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..536c152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+ComponentManager ComponentManager::mInstance;
+
+ComponentManager & ComponentManager::GetInstance() { return mInstance; }
+
+ComponentManager::ComponentManager() {}
+
+void ComponentManager::DeleteAllComponentsOfId(std::uint32_t id) {
+	for (auto & [type, componentArray] :
+		 mComponents) { //Loop through all the types (in the unordered_map<>)
+		if (id
+			< componentArray
+				  .size()) { //Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+			componentArray[id]
+				.clear(); //Clear the components at this specific id
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void ComponentManager::DeleteAllComponents() {
+	mComponents.clear(); //Clear the whole unordered_map<>
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de8753e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+Component::Component() : mActive(true) {}
+
+Sprite::Sprite(std::string path) : mPath(path) {}
+
+Rigidbody::Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType)
+	: mMass(mass), mGravityScale(gravityScale), mBodyType(bodyType) {}
+
+Colider::Colider(int size) : mSize(size) {}
+
+void BehaviourScript::onStart() {
+	if (behaviour) {
+		behaviour->onStart();
+	}
+}
+
+void BehaviourScript::onUpdate() {
+	if (behaviour) {
+		behaviour->onUpdate();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c5af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag,
+					   int layer)
+	: mId(id), mName(name), mTag(tag), mActive(true), mLayer(layer) {}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70c5d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+#include "Components.h"
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+class myScript {
+public:
+	void onStart() { std::cout << "In onStart" << std::endl; }
+
+	void onUpdate() { std::cout << "In onUpdate" << std::endl; }
+};
+
+int main() {
+	auto startAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	GameObject * gameObject[100000];
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		gameObject[i] = new GameObject(i, "Name", "Tag", 0);
+
+		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Sprite>("C:/Test");
+		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Rigidbody>(0, 0, i);
+		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Colider>(i);
+		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<BehaviourScript>().addScript<myScript>();
+	}
+
+	auto stopAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	//This is what systems would do:
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> sprites
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().GetComponentsByType<Sprite>();
+	for (Sprite & sprite : sprites) {
+		//std::cout << sprite.get().mPath << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidBodies
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().GetComponentsByType<Rigidbody>();
+	for (Rigidbody & rigidbody : rigidBodies) {
+		//std::cout << rigidbody.get().mMass << " " << rigidbody.get().mGravityScale << " " << rigidbody.get().mBodyType << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> coliders
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().GetComponentsByType<Colider>();
+	for (Colider & colider : coliders) {
+		//std::cout << colider.get().mSize << std::endl;
+	}
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<BehaviourScript>> scripts
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance()
+			  .GetComponentsByType<BehaviourScript>();
+	for (BehaviourScript & script : scripts) {
+		//script.onStart();
+		//script.onUpdate();
+	}
+
+	auto stopLooping = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		delete gameObject[i];
+	}
+
+	auto Addtime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopAdding - startAdding);
+	auto LoopTime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopLooping - stopAdding);
+	std::cout << "AddTime: " << Addtime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "LoopTime: " << LoopTime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d072907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+project(ecs-memory-efficient)
+
+# Set the C++ standard (optional, but good practice)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+
+# Use the debug mode (otherwise breakpoints are not compiled)
+set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
+
+add_executable(ecs-memory-efficient
+	src/main.cpp
+	src/ComponentManager.cpp
+	src/Components.cpp
+	src/GameObjectMax.cpp
+)
+target_include_directories(ecs-memory-efficient PRIVATE "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/inc")
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8279a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Components.h"
+#include "ContiguousContainer.h"
+
+class ComponentManager {
+public:
+	static ComponentManager & GetInstance(); //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addColiderComponent(Args &&... args);
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> getAllSpriteReferences();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> getAllRigidbodyReferences();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> getAllColiderReferences();
+
+private:
+	static ComponentManager mInstance; //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(); //Singleton
+
+	ContiguousContainer<Sprite> mSpriteContainer;
+	ContiguousContainer<Rigidbody> mRigidbodyContainer;
+	ContiguousContainer<Colider> mColiderContainer;
+};
+
+#include "ComponentManager.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a914a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mSpriteContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mRigidbodyContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addColiderComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mColiderContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98c5fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+class Component {
+public:
+	Component();
+
+	bool mActive;
+};
+
+class Sprite : public Component {
+public:
+	Sprite(std::string path);
+
+	std::string mPath;
+};
+
+class Rigidbody : public Component {
+public:
+	Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType);
+
+	int mMass;
+	int mGravityScale;
+	int mBodyType;
+};
+
+class Colider : public Component {
+public:
+	Colider(int size);
+
+	int mSize;
+};
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3b57ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdlib> // For malloc and free
+#include <new> // For placement new
+#include <stdexcept> // For std::bad_alloc
+#include <utility> // For std::move and std::forward
+#include <vector> // For returning references
+
+template <typename T>
+class ContiguousContainer {
+public:
+	ContiguousContainer();
+	~ContiguousContainer();
+
+	// Use perfect forwarding for pushBack
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void pushBack(Args &&... args);
+
+	void popBack();
+	T & operator[](size_t index);
+	size_t getSize() const;
+
+	// Function to return references to all stored objects
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> getAllReferences();
+
+private:
+	T * mData;
+	size_t mSize;
+	size_t mCapacity;
+
+	void resize(size_t new_capacity); // Resize function to allocate more space
+};
+
+#include "ContiguousContainer.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..408d5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+template <typename T>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::ContiguousContainer() : mSize(0), mCapacity(10) {
+	// Allocate memory for 10 objects initially
+	mData = static_cast<T *>(malloc(mCapacity * sizeof(T)));
+	if (!mData) {
+		throw std::bad_alloc();
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::~ContiguousContainer() {
+	// Destroy all constructed objects
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		mData[i].~T();
+	}
+	// Free the allocated memory
+	free(mData);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename... Args>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::pushBack(Args &&... args) {
+	if (mSize == mCapacity) {
+		// Double the capacity if the container is full
+		resize(mCapacity * 2);
+	}
+	// Use placement new with perfect forwarding to construct the object in place
+	new (mData + mSize) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	++mSize;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::popBack() {
+	if (mSize > 0) {
+		--mSize;
+		// Explicitly call the destructor
+		mData[mSize].~T();
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T & ContiguousContainer<T>::operator[](size_t index) {
+	if (index >= mSize) {
+		throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range");
+	}
+	return mData[index];
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+size_t ContiguousContainer<T>::getSize() const {
+	return mSize;
+}
+
+// Function that returns a vector of references to all stored objects
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::getAllReferences() {
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> references;
+	references.reserve(mSize); // Reserve space to avoid reallocation
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		references.push_back(std::ref(mData[i]));
+	}
+	return references;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::resize(size_t new_capacity) {
+	// Allocate new memory block with the updated capacity
+	T * new_data = static_cast<T *>(malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(T)));
+	if (!new_data) {
+		throw std::bad_alloc();
+	}
+
+	// Move or copy existing objects to the new memory block
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		new (new_data + i) T(std::move(mData[i])); // Move the objects
+		mData[i].~T(); // Call the destructor for the old object
+	}
+
+	// Free the old memory block
+	free(mData);
+	mData = new_data;
+	mCapacity = new_capacity;
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..760e330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+class GameObject {
+public:
+	GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer);
+
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addColiderComponent(Args &&... args);
+
+	std::uint32_t mId;
+	std::string mName;
+	std::string mTag;
+	bool mActive;
+	int mLayer;
+};
+
+#include "GameObjectMax.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be3ffa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addSpriteComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addRigidbodyComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addColiderComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addColiderComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c1fd23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+ComponentManager ComponentManager::mInstance;
+
+ComponentManager & ComponentManager::GetInstance() { return mInstance; }
+
+ComponentManager::ComponentManager() {}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>>
+ComponentManager::getAllSpriteReferences() {
+	return mSpriteContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>>
+ComponentManager::getAllRigidbodyReferences() {
+	return mRigidbodyContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>>
+ComponentManager::getAllColiderReferences() {
+	return mColiderContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8347b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+Component::Component() : mActive(true) {}
+
+Sprite::Sprite(std::string path) : mPath(path) {}
+
+Rigidbody::Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType)
+	: mMass(mass), mGravityScale(gravityScale), mBodyType(bodyType) {}
+
+Colider::Colider(int size) : mSize(size) {}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c5af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag,
+					   int layer)
+	: mId(id), mName(name), mTag(tag), mActive(true), mLayer(layer) {}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c6f2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+#include "Components.h"
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+int main() {
+	auto startAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	GameObject * gameObject[100000];
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		gameObject[i] = new GameObject(i, "Name", "Tag", 0);
+
+		gameObject[i]->addSpriteComponent("C:/Test");
+		gameObject[i]->addRigidbodyComponent(0, 0, i);
+		gameObject[i]->addColiderComponent(i);
+	}
+
+	auto stopAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	//This is what systems would do:
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> allSprites
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllSpriteReferences();
+	for (Sprite & sprite : allSprites) {
+		//std::cout << sprite.mPath << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> allRigidbody
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllRigidbodyReferences();
+	for (Rigidbody & rigidbody : allRigidbody) {
+		//std::cout << rigidbody.mMass << " " << rigidbody.mGravityScale << " " << rigidbody.mBodyType << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> allColider
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllColiderReferences();
+	for (Colider & colider : allColider) {
+		//std::cout << colider.mSize << std::endl;
+	}
+
+	auto stopLooping = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		delete gameObject[i];
+	}
+
+	auto Addtime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopAdding - startAdding);
+	auto LoopTime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopLooping - stopAdding);
+	std::cout << "AddTime: " << Addtime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "LoopTime: " << LoopTime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+}
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h b/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
index 69f4d52..abdc9b0 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ public:
 	void setHeight(float value);
 	void setVelX(float value);
 	void setVelY(float value);
+	int direction;
 
 private:
 	std::string name = "";
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/include/timer.h b/mwe/gameloop/include/timer.h
index 22383b2..8273746 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/include/timer.h
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/include/timer.h
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ public:
 	double getFixedDeltaTime() const;
 	void setFPS(int FPS);
 	int getFPS() const;
+	double getGameScale();
+	void setGameScale(double);
 	void enforceFrameRate();
 	double getLag() const;
 
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
index cb532cc..0392853 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,14 @@ void LoopManager::processInput() {
 		case SDL_KEYDOWN:
 			if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_ESCAPE) {
 				gameRunning = false;
+			} else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_i) {
+				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(
+					LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale() + 0.1);
+			} else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_k) {
+				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(
+					LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale() - 0.1);
 			}
+
 			break;
 	}
 }
@@ -41,11 +48,11 @@ void LoopManager::loop() {
 void LoopManager::setup() {
 	gameRunning = window.initWindow();
 	LoopTimer::getInstance().start();
-	LoopTimer::getInstance().setFPS(50);
+	LoopTimer::getInstance().setFPS(500);
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+	for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++) {
 		GameObject * square
-			= new GameObject("square2", i * 40, i * 40, 20, 20, 0, 0);
+			= new GameObject("square2", i * 60, i * 60, 20, 20, 0, 0);
 		objectList.push_back(square);
 	}
 }
@@ -57,13 +64,26 @@ void LoopManager::render() {
 }
 
 void LoopManager::update() {
-	fprintf(stderr, "**********normal update********** \n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "********** normal update ********** \n");
 	LoopTimer & timer = LoopTimer::getInstance();
 
 	float delta = timer.getDeltaTime();
-
 	for (int i = 0; i < objectList.size(); i++) {
-		objectList[i]->setX(objectList[i]->getX() + 50 * delta);
-		objectList[i]->setY(objectList[i]->getY() + 50 * delta);
+		GameObject * obj = objectList[i];
+
+		// Move the object based on its direction
+		if (obj->direction == 1) {
+			obj->setX(obj->getX() + 50 * delta);
+		} else {
+			obj->setX(obj->getX() - 50 * delta);
+		}
+
+		if (obj->getX() > 500) {
+			obj->setX(500);
+			obj->direction = 0; // Switch direction to left
+		} else if (obj->getX() < 50) {
+			obj->setX(50); // Clamp the position to the boundary
+			obj->direction = 1; // Switch direction to right
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/main.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/main.cpp
index 889a30a..c0f216a 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/main.cpp
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
 //#include "window.h"
 #include "loopManager.h"
 #include "timer.h"
-//Screen dimension constants
-
-//Starts up SDL and creates window
 
 int main(int argc, char * args[]) {
 	LoopManager gameLoop;
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
index 61e144d..97baef6 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 #include "timer.h"
-
-// Constructor (private)
 LoopTimer::LoopTimer() {}
 
-// Get the singleton instance of the timer
 LoopTimer & LoopTimer::getInstance() {
 	static LoopTimer instance;
 	return instance;
 }
 
-// Start the timer (initialize frame time)
 void LoopTimer::start() {
 	lastFrameTime = SDL_GetTicks64();
 	elapsedTime = 0;
@@ -17,16 +13,14 @@ void LoopTimer::start() {
 	deltaTime = 0;
 }
 
-// Update the timer, calculate deltaTime
 void LoopTimer::update() {
 	uint64_t currentFrameTime = SDL_GetTicks64();
-	deltaTime
-		= (currentFrameTime - lastFrameTime) / 1000.0; // Convert to seconds
+	deltaTime = (currentFrameTime - lastFrameTime) / 1000.0;
 
 	if (deltaTime > maximumDeltaTime) {
 		deltaTime = maximumDeltaTime;
 	}
-
+	deltaTime *= gameScale;
 	elapsedTime += deltaTime;
 	lastFrameTime = currentFrameTime;
 }
@@ -44,7 +38,8 @@ void LoopTimer::setFPS(int FPS) {
 }
 
 int LoopTimer::getFPS() const { return FPS; }
-
+void LoopTimer::setGameScale(double value) { gameScale = value; };
+double LoopTimer::getGameScale() { return gameScale; }
 void LoopTimer::enforceFrameRate() {
 	uint64_t currentFrameTime = SDL_GetTicks64();
 	double frameDuration = (currentFrameTime - lastFrameTime) / 1000.0;