Merge branch 'master' of github.com:lonkaars/crepe into jaro/poc-physics

33 files changed, 614 insertions, 192 deletions

diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 160d242..0000000
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "version": "0.2.0",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "Debug with Ninja",
-            "type": "cppdbg",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "program": "${workspaceFolder}/mwe/ecs-homemade/build/ecs-homemade.exe",
-            "args": [],
-            "stopAtEntry": true,
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
-            "environment": [],
-            "externalConsole": false,
-            "MIMode": "gdb",
-            "preLaunchTask": "build",
-            "setupCommands": [
-                {
-                    "description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb",
-                    "text": "-enable-pretty-printing",
-                    "ignoreFailures": true
-                }
-            ],
-            "logging": {
-                "engineLogging": true
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
diff --git a/.vscode/tasks.json b/.vscode/tasks.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 19afa6f..0000000
--- a/.vscode/tasks.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "version": "2.0.0",
-    "tasks": [
-        {
-            "label": "configure",
-            "type": "shell",
-            "command": "cmake",
-            "args": [
-                "-G",
-                "Ninja",
-                "-B",
-                "${workspaceFolder}/mwe/ecs-homemade/build",  // Create build folder here
-                "${workspaceFolder}/mwe/ecs-homemade"  // Path to your source directory
-            ],
-            "group": {
-                "kind": "build",
-                "isDefault": false
-            },
-            "problemMatcher": []
-        },
-        {
-            "label": "build",
-            "type": "shell",
-            "command": "cmake",
-            "args": [
-                "--build",
-                "${workspaceFolder}/mwe/ecs-homemade/build"  // Build directory
-            ],
-            "dependsOn": "configure",  // Ensure the configure task runs first
-            "group": {
-                "kind": "build",
-                "isDefault": true
-            },
-            "problemMatcher": ["$gcc"],
-            "detail": "Generated task for building the project."
-        }
-    ]
-}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
index d368516..0ba358e 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
@@ -17,24 +17,27 @@ public:
 	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
 	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
 
+	//Add a component of a specific type
 	template <typename T, typename... Args>
-	void AddComponent(std::uint32_t id,
-					  Args &&... args); //Add a component of a specific type
+	T & AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args);
+	//Deletes all components of a specific type and id
 	template <typename T>
-	void DeleteComponentsById(
-		std::uint32_t id); //Deletes all components of a specific type and id
+	void DeleteComponentsById(std::uint32_t id);
+	//Deletes all components of a specific type
 	template <typename T>
-	void DeleteComponents(); //Deletes all components of a specific type
-	void DeleteAllComponentsOfId(
-		std::uint32_t id); //Deletes all components of a specific id
-	void DeleteAllComponents(); //Deletes all components
+	void DeleteComponents();
+	//Deletes all components of a specific id
+	void DeleteAllComponentsOfId(std::uint32_t id);
+	//Deletes all components
+	void DeleteAllComponents();
 
+	//Get a vector<> of all components at specific type and id
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id)
-		const; //Get a vector<> of all components at specific type and id
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+	GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const;
+	//Get a vector<> of all components of a specific type
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByType()
-		const; //Get a vector<> of all components of a specific type
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByType() const;
 
 private:
 	static ComponentManager mInstance; //Singleton
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
index d6da8e8..92db1d4 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -1,121 +1,128 @@
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
-void ComponentManager::AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
-	std::type_index type = typeid(
-		T); //Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
-
-	if (mComponents.find(type)
-		== mComponents
-			   .end()) { //Check if this component type is already in the unordered_map<>
-		mComponents[type] = std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<
-			Component>>>(); //If not, create a new (empty) vector<> of vector<unique_ptr<Component>>
+T & ComponentManager::AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
+
+	//Check if this component type is already in the unordered_map<>
+	if (mComponents.find(type) == mComponents.end()) {
+		//If not, create a new (empty) vector<> of vector<unique_ptr<Component>>
+		mComponents[type]
+			= std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>();
 	}
 
-	if (id
-		>= mComponents[type]
-			   .size()) { //Resize the vector<> if the id is greater than the current size
-		mComponents[type].resize(
-			id
-			+ 1); //Initialize new slots to nullptr (resize does automatically init to nullptr)
+	//Resize the vector<> if the id is greater than the current size
+	if (id >= mComponents[type].size()) {
+		//Initialize new slots to nullptr (resize does automatically init to nullptr)
+		mComponents[type].resize(id + 1);
 	}
 
-	mComponents[type][id].push_back(std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(
-		args)...)); //Create a new component of type T using perfect forwarding and store its unique_ptr in the vector<>
+	//Create a new component of type T using perfect forwarding and store its unique_ptr in the vector<>
+	mComponents[type][id].push_back(
+		std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+
+	return static_cast<T &>(*mComponents[type][id].back().get());
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 void ComponentManager::DeleteComponentsById(std::uint32_t id) {
-	std::type_index type = typeid(
-		T); //Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
 
-	if (mComponents.find(type)
-		!= mComponents.end()) { //Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+		//Get the correct vector<>
 		std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> & componentArray
-			= mComponents[type]; //Get the correct vector<>
+			= mComponents[type];
 
-		if (id
-			< componentArray
-				  .size()) { //Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
-			componentArray[id]
-				.clear(); //Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type and id
+		//Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+		if (id < componentArray.size()) {
+			//Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type and id
+			componentArray[id].clear();
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 void ComponentManager::DeleteComponents() {
-	std::type_index type = typeid(
-		T); //Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
 
-	if (mComponents.find(type)
-		!= mComponents.end()) { //Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
-		mComponents[type]
-			.clear(); //Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
+		//Clear the whole vector<> of this specific type
+		mComponents[type].clear();
 	}
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
 ComponentManager::GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const {
-	std::type_index type = typeid(
-		T); //Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
 
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-		componentVector; //Create an empty vector<>
+	//Create an empty vector<>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> componentVector;
 
-	if (mComponents.find(type)
-		!= mComponents.end()) { //Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
 
+		//Get the correct vector<>
 		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
 			componentArray
-			= mComponents.at(type); //Get the correct vector<>
+			= mComponents.at(type);
 
-		if (id
-			< componentArray
-				  .size()) { //Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+		//Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
+		if (id < componentArray.size()) {
+			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
 			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr :
-				 componentArray[id]) { //Loop trough the whole vector<>
-				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(
-					componentPtr.get()); //Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
-
-				if (castedComponent) { //Ensure that the cast was successful
-					componentVector.push_back(
-						*castedComponent); //Add the dereferenced raw pointer to the vector<>
+				 componentArray[id]) {
+				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
+				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(componentPtr.get());
+
+				//Ensure that the cast was successful
+				if (castedComponent) {
+					//Add the dereferenced raw pointer to the vector<>
+					componentVector.push_back(*castedComponent);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	return componentVector; //Return the vector<>
+	//Return the vector<>
+	return componentVector;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
 ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
-	std::type_index type = typeid(
-		T); //Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
+	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
 
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-		componentVector; //Create an empty vector<>
+	//Create an empty vector<>
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> componentVector;
 	//std::uint32_t id = 0;	//Set the id to 0 (the id will also be stored in the returned vector<>)
 
-	if (mComponents.find(type)
-		!= mComponents.end()) { //Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	//Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
+	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
 
+		//Get the correct vector<>
 		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
 			componentArray
-			= mComponents.at(type); //Get the correct vector<>
+			= mComponents.at(type);
 
+		//Loop through the whole vector<>
 		for (const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>> & component :
-			 componentArray) { //Loop through the whole vector<>
-			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr :
-				 component) { //Loop trough the whole vector<>
-				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(
-					componentPtr.get()); //Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
-
-				if (castedComponent) { //Ensure that the cast was successful
-					componentVector.emplace_back(std::ref(
-						*castedComponent)); //Pair the dereferenced raw pointer and the id and add it to the vector<>
+			 componentArray) {
+			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
+			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr : component) {
+				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
+				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(componentPtr.get());
+
+				//Ensure that the cast was successful
+				if (castedComponent) {
+					//Pair the dereferenced raw pointer and the id and add it to the vector<>
+					componentVector.emplace_back(std::ref(*castedComponent));
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -123,5 +130,6 @@ ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return componentVector; //Return the vector<>
+	//Return the vector<>
+	return componentVector;
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h
index 98c5fe7..ad491e7 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
 class Component {
@@ -31,3 +32,35 @@ public:
 
 	int mSize;
 };
+
+class IBehaviour {
+public:
+	virtual ~IBehaviour() = default;
+	virtual void onStart() = 0;
+	virtual void onUpdate() = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class BehaviourWrapper : public IBehaviour {
+public:
+	BehaviourWrapper();
+	void onStart() override;
+	void onUpdate() override;
+
+private:
+	T instance;
+};
+
+class BehaviourScript : public Component {
+public:
+	template <typename T>
+	void addScript();
+
+	void onStart();
+	void onUpdate();
+
+private:
+	std::unique_ptr<IBehaviour> behaviour;
+};
+
+#include "Components.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..436a28c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/Components.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+template <typename T>
+BehaviourWrapper<T>::BehaviourWrapper() : instance() {}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourWrapper<T>::onStart() {
+	instance.onStart();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourWrapper<T>::onUpdate() {
+	instance.onUpdate();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void BehaviourScript::addScript() {
+	behaviour = std::make_unique<BehaviourWrapper<T>>();
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h
index 3029053..5fab44a 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.h
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ public:
 	GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer);
 
 	template <typename T, typename... Args>
-	void AddComponent(Args &&... args);
+	T & AddComponent(Args &&... args);
 
 	std::uint32_t mId;
 	std::string mName;
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
index 91d51ea..2f433bb 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
-void GameObject::AddComponent(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager::GetInstance().AddComponent<T>(
+T & GameObject::AddComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	return ComponentManager::GetInstance().AddComponent<T>(
 		mId, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp
index c8347b3..de8753e 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/Components.cpp
@@ -9,3 +9,15 @@ Rigidbody::Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType)
 	: mMass(mass), mGravityScale(gravityScale), mBodyType(bodyType) {}
 
 Colider::Colider(int size) : mSize(size) {}
+
+void BehaviourScript::onStart() {
+	if (behaviour) {
+		behaviour->onStart();
+	}
+}
+
+void BehaviourScript::onUpdate() {
+	if (behaviour) {
+		behaviour->onUpdate();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
index 330e154..70c5d2c 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@
 #include "Components.h"
 #include "GameObjectMax.h"
 
+class myScript {
+public:
+	void onStart() { std::cout << "In onStart" << std::endl; }
+
+	void onUpdate() { std::cout << "In onUpdate" << std::endl; }
+};
+
 int main() {
 	auto startAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 
@@ -18,6 +25,7 @@ int main() {
 		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Sprite>("C:/Test");
 		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Rigidbody>(0, 0, i);
 		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<Colider>(i);
+		gameObject[i]->AddComponent<BehaviourScript>().addScript<myScript>();
 	}
 
 	auto stopAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
@@ -44,6 +52,14 @@ int main() {
 		//std::cout << colider.get().mSize << std::endl;
 	}
 
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<BehaviourScript>> scripts
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance()
+			  .GetComponentsByType<BehaviourScript>();
+	for (BehaviourScript & script : scripts) {
+		//script.onStart();
+		//script.onUpdate();
+	}
+
 	auto stopLooping = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d072907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+project(ecs-memory-efficient)
+
+# Set the C++ standard (optional, but good practice)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+
+# Use the debug mode (otherwise breakpoints are not compiled)
+set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
+
+add_executable(ecs-memory-efficient
+	src/main.cpp
+	src/ComponentManager.cpp
+	src/Components.cpp
+	src/GameObjectMax.cpp
+)
+target_include_directories(ecs-memory-efficient PRIVATE "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/inc")
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8279a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Components.h"
+#include "ContiguousContainer.h"
+
+class ComponentManager {
+public:
+	static ComponentManager & GetInstance(); //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete; //Singleton
+	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete; //Singleton
+
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addColiderComponent(Args &&... args);
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> getAllSpriteReferences();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> getAllRigidbodyReferences();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> getAllColiderReferences();
+
+private:
+	static ComponentManager mInstance; //Singleton
+
+	ComponentManager(); //Singleton
+
+	ContiguousContainer<Sprite> mSpriteContainer;
+	ContiguousContainer<Rigidbody> mRigidbodyContainer;
+	ContiguousContainer<Colider> mColiderContainer;
+};
+
+#include "ComponentManager.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a914a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mSpriteContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mRigidbodyContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void ComponentManager::addColiderComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	mColiderContainer.pushBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98c5fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/Components.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+class Component {
+public:
+	Component();
+
+	bool mActive;
+};
+
+class Sprite : public Component {
+public:
+	Sprite(std::string path);
+
+	std::string mPath;
+};
+
+class Rigidbody : public Component {
+public:
+	Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType);
+
+	int mMass;
+	int mGravityScale;
+	int mBodyType;
+};
+
+class Colider : public Component {
+public:
+	Colider(int size);
+
+	int mSize;
+};
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3b57ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdlib> // For malloc and free
+#include <new> // For placement new
+#include <stdexcept> // For std::bad_alloc
+#include <utility> // For std::move and std::forward
+#include <vector> // For returning references
+
+template <typename T>
+class ContiguousContainer {
+public:
+	ContiguousContainer();
+	~ContiguousContainer();
+
+	// Use perfect forwarding for pushBack
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void pushBack(Args &&... args);
+
+	void popBack();
+	T & operator[](size_t index);
+	size_t getSize() const;
+
+	// Function to return references to all stored objects
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> getAllReferences();
+
+private:
+	T * mData;
+	size_t mSize;
+	size_t mCapacity;
+
+	void resize(size_t new_capacity); // Resize function to allocate more space
+};
+
+#include "ContiguousContainer.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..408d5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+template <typename T>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::ContiguousContainer() : mSize(0), mCapacity(10) {
+	// Allocate memory for 10 objects initially
+	mData = static_cast<T *>(malloc(mCapacity * sizeof(T)));
+	if (!mData) {
+		throw std::bad_alloc();
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::~ContiguousContainer() {
+	// Destroy all constructed objects
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		mData[i].~T();
+	}
+	// Free the allocated memory
+	free(mData);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename... Args>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::pushBack(Args &&... args) {
+	if (mSize == mCapacity) {
+		// Double the capacity if the container is full
+		resize(mCapacity * 2);
+	}
+	// Use placement new with perfect forwarding to construct the object in place
+	new (mData + mSize) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	++mSize;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::popBack() {
+	if (mSize > 0) {
+		--mSize;
+		// Explicitly call the destructor
+		mData[mSize].~T();
+	}
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T & ContiguousContainer<T>::operator[](size_t index) {
+	if (index >= mSize) {
+		throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range");
+	}
+	return mData[index];
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+size_t ContiguousContainer<T>::getSize() const {
+	return mSize;
+}
+
+// Function that returns a vector of references to all stored objects
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
+ContiguousContainer<T>::getAllReferences() {
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> references;
+	references.reserve(mSize); // Reserve space to avoid reallocation
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		references.push_back(std::ref(mData[i]));
+	}
+	return references;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void ContiguousContainer<T>::resize(size_t new_capacity) {
+	// Allocate new memory block with the updated capacity
+	T * new_data = static_cast<T *>(malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(T)));
+	if (!new_data) {
+		throw std::bad_alloc();
+	}
+
+	// Move or copy existing objects to the new memory block
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
+		new (new_data + i) T(std::move(mData[i])); // Move the objects
+		mData[i].~T(); // Call the destructor for the old object
+	}
+
+	// Free the old memory block
+	free(mData);
+	mData = new_data;
+	mCapacity = new_capacity;
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..760e330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+class GameObject {
+public:
+	GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer);
+
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args);
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void addColiderComponent(Args &&... args);
+
+	std::uint32_t mId;
+	std::string mName;
+	std::string mTag;
+	bool mActive;
+	int mLayer;
+};
+
+#include "GameObjectMax.hpp"
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be3ffa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addSpriteComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addRigidbodyComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void GameObject::addColiderComponent(Args &&... args) {
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addColiderComponent(
+		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c1fd23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+ComponentManager ComponentManager::mInstance;
+
+ComponentManager & ComponentManager::GetInstance() { return mInstance; }
+
+ComponentManager::ComponentManager() {}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>>
+ComponentManager::getAllSpriteReferences() {
+	return mSpriteContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>>
+ComponentManager::getAllRigidbodyReferences() {
+	return mRigidbodyContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>>
+ComponentManager::getAllColiderReferences() {
+	return mColiderContainer.getAllReferences();
+}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8347b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/Components.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "Components.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+Component::Component() : mActive(true) {}
+
+Sprite::Sprite(std::string path) : mPath(path) {}
+
+Rigidbody::Rigidbody(int mass, int gravityScale, int bodyType)
+	: mMass(mass), mGravityScale(gravityScale), mBodyType(bodyType) {}
+
+Colider::Colider(int size) : mSize(size) {}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c5af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+
+GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag,
+					   int layer)
+	: mId(id), mName(name), mTag(tag), mActive(true), mLayer(layer) {}
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c6f2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComponentManager.h"
+#include "Components.h"
+#include "GameObjectMax.h"
+
+int main() {
+	auto startAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	GameObject * gameObject[100000];
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		gameObject[i] = new GameObject(i, "Name", "Tag", 0);
+
+		gameObject[i]->addSpriteComponent("C:/Test");
+		gameObject[i]->addRigidbodyComponent(0, 0, i);
+		gameObject[i]->addColiderComponent(i);
+	}
+
+	auto stopAdding = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	//This is what systems would do:
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> allSprites
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllSpriteReferences();
+	for (Sprite & sprite : allSprites) {
+		//std::cout << sprite.mPath << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> allRigidbody
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllRigidbodyReferences();
+	for (Rigidbody & rigidbody : allRigidbody) {
+		//std::cout << rigidbody.mMass << " " << rigidbody.mGravityScale << " " << rigidbody.mBodyType << std::endl;
+	}
+	//std::cout << std::endl;
+
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> allColider
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().getAllColiderReferences();
+	for (Colider & colider : allColider) {
+		//std::cout << colider.mSize << std::endl;
+	}
+
+	auto stopLooping = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+		delete gameObject[i];
+	}
+
+	auto Addtime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopAdding - startAdding);
+	auto LoopTime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+		stopLooping - stopAdding);
+	std::cout << "AddTime: " << Addtime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "LoopTime: " << LoopTime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
+}
diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md
index 5351dfe..24bb66f 100644
--- a/readme.md
+++ b/readme.md
@@ -8,18 +8,45 @@ This repository contains:
 |`mwe/`|minimal working examples and proof-of-concepts|
 |`src/crepe/`|game engine source code|
 |`src/test/`|unit tests|
-|`src/example`|standalone examples using game engine|
+|`src/example/`|standalone examples using game engine|
 
 ## Compilation
 
 This repository uses CMake (the makefile in the root of this repository is for
-running auxiliary tasks only). Make sure you have initialized and updated the
-submodules before compiling.
+running auxiliary tasks only). See [src/readme.md](src/readme.md) for detailed
+building instructions.
+
+## Installing libraries
+
+The expected library (source) versions are included in this repository as git
+submodules. Follow these steps for manually building one of the required
+libraries from source:
+
+1. Ensure the git submodules are initialized:
+   ```
+   $ git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
+   ```
+2. `cd` into the library source folder:
+   ```
+   $ cd lib/googletest
+   or
+   $ cd lib/sdl2
+   or
+   $ cd lib/soloud/contrib
+   ```
+3. Configure the build, run the build and install:
+   ```
+   $ cmake -B build -G Ninja
+   $ ninja -C build
+   # ninja -C build install
+   ```
 
 ## Documentation
 
-API documentation is done using Doxygen. To generate the docs, run `make
-doxygen`.
+API documentation is done using Doxygen. To generate the docs, run
+```
+$ make doxygen
+```
 
 ## Code style
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
index 084cd33..2ea0c70 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ template <class T, typename... Args>
 void ComponentManager::add_component(uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
 	using namespace std;
 
-	static_assert(is_base_of<Component, T>::value, "add_component must recieve a derivative class of Component");
+	static_assert(is_base_of<Component, T>::value,
+				  "add_component must recieve a derivative class of Component");
 
 	// Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
 	type_index type = typeid(T);
diff --git a/src/crepe/Script.cpp b/src/crepe/Script.cpp
index 42e3666..3b83b7c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Script.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Script.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-void Script::init() { }
-void Script::update() { }
-
+void Script::init() {}
+void Script::update() {}
diff --git a/src/crepe/Script.h b/src/crepe/Script.h
index ba4073a..cdd6814 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Script.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Script.h
@@ -12,5 +12,4 @@ protected:
 	// added event.
 };
 
-}
-
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.cpp
index e301c71..988bb71 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.cpp
@@ -4,19 +4,12 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-ScriptSystem::ScriptSystem() {
-	dbg_trace();
-}
-ScriptSystem::~ScriptSystem() {
-	dbg_trace();
-}
+ScriptSystem::ScriptSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
+ScriptSystem::~ScriptSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
 
 ScriptSystem & ScriptSystem::get_instance() {
 	static ScriptSystem instance;
 	return instance;
 }
 
-void ScriptSystem::update() {
-	dbg_trace();
-}
-
+void ScriptSystem::update() { dbg_trace(); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.h b/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.h
index e1ed290..72e360b 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/ScriptSystem.h
@@ -14,5 +14,4 @@ private:
 	~ScriptSystem();
 };
 
-}
-
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/System.h b/src/crepe/System.h
index 3fe3d66..ecbb7f5 100644
--- a/src/crepe/System.h
+++ b/src/crepe/System.h
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ public:
 	virtual void update() = 0;
 
 protected:
-	System() { };
-	virtual ~System() { };
+	System() {};
+	virtual ~System() {};
 
 private:
 	// singleton
@@ -19,5 +19,4 @@ private:
 	System & operator=(System &&) = delete;
 };
 
-}
-
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
index 2dd933e..84bfd4c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,4 @@
 
 using namespace crepe::api;
 
-BehaviorScript::BehaviorScript() {
-	dbg_trace();
-}
-
+BehaviorScript::BehaviorScript() { dbg_trace(); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
index e9542c1..1d05a75 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "../Script.h"
 #include "../Component.h"
+#include "../Script.h"
 
 namespace crepe::api {
 
@@ -13,5 +13,4 @@ protected:
 	BehaviorScript();
 };
 
-}
-
+} // namespace crepe::api
diff --git a/src/example/script.cpp b/src/example/script.cpp
index 28605c7..a610b83 100644
--- a/src/example/script.cpp
+++ b/src/example/script.cpp
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * Standalone example for usage of the script component and system
  */
 
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
-#include <crepe/ScriptSystem.h>
 #include <crepe/ComponentManager.h>
 #include <crepe/GameObject.h>
+#include <crepe/ScriptSystem.h>
+#include <crepe/util/log.h>
 
 #include <crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h>
 
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 class MyScript : public api::BehaviorScript {
-	void update() {
-		dbg_trace();
-	}
+	void update() { dbg_trace(); }
 };
 
 int main() {
@@ -30,4 +28,3 @@ int main() {
 
 	return 0;
 }
-
diff --git a/src/readme.md b/src/readme.md
index 1c5d3a2..a4a71e7 100644
--- a/src/readme.md
+++ b/src/readme.md
@@ -2,7 +2,32 @@
 
 This folder contains the crêpe engine source files, unit tests, and some toy
 examples. The only target built by default by the CMakeLists.txt in this folder
-is the crêpe shared library object. Unit tests can be built by explicitly
-specifying the target `test_main` when running the build command. Each source
-file in the example/ folder corresponds to a CMake target as well.
+is the crêpe shared library object.
+
+Examples (using Ninja):
+
+```
+$ cmake -B build -G Ninja
+$ ninja -C build
+```
+
+Unit tests can be built by explicitly specifying the target `test_main` when
+running the build command:
+
+```
+$ ninja -C build test_main
+```
+
+Each source file in the example/ folder corresponds to a CMake target as well:
+
+```
+$ ninja -C build audio_internal components_internal
+```
+
+For installing crêpe system-wide after building (install must be run with
+elevated privileges):
+
+```
+# ninja -C build install
+```