Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into niels/rendering_color

156 files changed, 2116 insertions, 2379 deletions

diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
index 8ce4033..1ee37ec 100644
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: AllIfsAndElse
 AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: true
 BasedOnStyle: LLVM
 BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
-ColumnLimit: 80
+ColumnLimit: 95
 EmptyLineBeforeAccessModifier: Always
 IndentAccessModifiers: false
 IndentCaseLabels: true
diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig
index df2cf5e..191871f 100644
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ root = true
 indent_style = tab
 end_of_line = lf
 insert_final_newline = true
+max_line_length = 95
 
 [{*.{md,yml},.clang-*}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2
 
+[*.md]
+max_line_length = 80
diff --git a/contributing.md b/contributing.md
index 3090727..5b0c79d 100644
--- a/contributing.md
+++ b/contributing.md
@@ -678,6 +678,118 @@ that you can click on to open them.
   uint64_t foo();
   ```
   </td></tr></table></details>
+- <details><summary>
+  Utilize standard exceptions where appropriate (those found in <code>&lt;stdexcept&gt;</code>)
+  </summary><table><tr><th>Good</th><th>Bad</th></tr><tr><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  #include <stdexcept>
+
+  // ...
+
+  if (foo == nullptr) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("What is wrong");
+  }
+  ```
+  </td><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  if (foo == nullptr) {
+    std::cout << "What is wrong" << std::endl;
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  ```
+  </td></tr></table></details>
+- <details><summary>
+  Mention the name of the class when throwing an exception
+  </summary><table><tr><th>Good</th><th>Bad</th></tr><tr><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  Foo::bar() {
+    if (...)
+      throw std::runtime_error("Foo: big error!");
+  }
+  ```
+  </td><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  Foo::bar() {
+    if (...)
+      throw std::runtime_error("big error!");
+  }
+  ```
+  </td></tr></table></details>
+- <details><summary>
+  Constructors of classes derived from <code>Component</code> should be
+  protected and <code>ComponentManager</code> should be declared as a friend
+  class.
+  </summary><table><tr><th>Good</th><th>Bad</th></tr><tr><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  class MyComponent : public Component {
+  protected:
+    MyComponent(...);
+    //! Only ComponentManager is allowed to create components
+    friend class ComponentManager;
+  };
+  ```
+  </td><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  class MyComponent : public Component {
+  public:
+    MyComponent(...);
+  };
+  ```
+  </td></tr></table></details>
+- <details><summary>
+  C++ <code>std::format</code> should be used instead of C-style format specifiers
+  </summary><table><tr><th>Good</th><th>Bad</th></tr><tr><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  std::string message = std::format("Hello, {}", name);
+
+  dbg_logf("Here too: {}", 3);
+
+  throw std::runtime_error(std::format("Or here: {}", 5));
+  ```
+  </td><td>
+
+  ```cpp
+  char message[50];
+  sprintf(message, "Hello, %s", name);
+  ```
+  </td></tr></table></details>
+- <details><summary>
+  Argument names should be added in <code>.h</code> files (not only in
+  <code>.cpp</code> and <code>.hpp</code> files)
+  </summary><table><tr><th>Good</th><th>Bad</th></tr><tr><td>
+
+  Foo.h:
+  ```cpp
+  void foo(int bar);
+  ```
+
+  Foo.cpp:
+  ```cpp
+  void foo(int bar) {
+    // ...
+  }
+  ```
+  </td><td>
+
+  Foo.h:
+  ```cpp
+  void foo(int);
+  ```
+
+  Foo.cpp:
+  ```cpp
+  void foo(int bar) {
+    // ...
+  }
+  ```
+  </td></tr></table></details>
 
 ## CMakeLists-specific
 
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
index 0ba358e..99c108f 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.h
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ public:
 
 	//Get a vector<> of all components at specific type and id
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-	GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const;
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const;
 	//Get a vector<> of all components of a specific type
 	template <typename T>
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> GetComponentsByType() const;
@@ -50,8 +49,7 @@ private:
 	 * The first std::vector<> stores another vector<>. This first vector<> is to bind the entity's id to a component.
 	 * The second std::vector<> stores unique_ptrs. Each component can be gathered via an unique_ptr. This second vector<> allows multiple components of the same std::type_index for one entity (id).
 	 */
-	std::unordered_map<std::type_index,
-					   std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
 		mComponents;
 };
 
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
index 92db1d4..af9c3a1 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ T & ComponentManager::AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
 	//Check if this component type is already in the unordered_map<>
 	if (mComponents.find(type) == mComponents.end()) {
 		//If not, create a new (empty) vector<> of vector<unique_ptr<Component>>
-		mComponents[type]
-			= std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>();
+		mComponents[type] = std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>();
 	}
 
 	//Resize the vector<> if the id is greater than the current size
@@ -18,8 +17,7 @@ T & ComponentManager::AddComponent(std::uint32_t id, Args &&... args) {
 	}
 
 	//Create a new component of type T using perfect forwarding and store its unique_ptr in the vector<>
-	mComponents[type][id].push_back(
-		std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+	mComponents[type][id].push_back(std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
 
 	return static_cast<T &>(*mComponents[type][id].back().get());
 }
@@ -68,15 +66,13 @@ ComponentManager::GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const {
 	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
 
 		//Get the correct vector<>
-		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
-			componentArray
+		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> & componentArray
 			= mComponents.at(type);
 
 		//Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
 		if (id < componentArray.size()) {
 			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
-			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr :
-				 componentArray[id]) {
+			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr : componentArray[id]) {
 				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
 				T * castedComponent = static_cast<T *>(componentPtr.get());
 
@@ -94,8 +90,7 @@ ComponentManager::GetComponentsByID(std::uint32_t id) const {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
 	//Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
 	std::type_index type = typeid(T);
 
@@ -107,13 +102,11 @@ ComponentManager::GetComponentsByType() const {
 	if (mComponents.find(type) != mComponents.end()) {
 
 		//Get the correct vector<>
-		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> &
-			componentArray
+		const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>> & componentArray
 			= mComponents.at(type);
 
 		//Loop through the whole vector<>
-		for (const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>> & component :
-			 componentArray) {
+		for (const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>> & component : componentArray) {
 			//Loop trough the whole vector<>
 			for (const std::unique_ptr<Component> & componentPtr : component) {
 				//Cast the unique_ptr to a raw pointer
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
index 2f433bb..92375bb 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
 T & GameObject::AddComponent(Args &&... args) {
-	return ComponentManager::GetInstance().AddComponent<T>(
-		mId, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	return ComponentManager::GetInstance().AddComponent<T>(mId, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp
index 536c152..33ba12e 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ void ComponentManager::DeleteAllComponentsOfId(std::uint32_t id) {
 		if (id
 			< componentArray
 				  .size()) { //Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
-			componentArray[id]
-				.clear(); //Clear the components at this specific id
+			componentArray[id].clear(); //Clear the components at this specific id
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
index 753c8e2..0516f68 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
-GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag,
-					   int layer)
+GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer)
 	: mId(id),
 	  mName(name),
 	  mTag(tag),
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
index 70c5d2c..85ab1f1 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-homemade/src/main.cpp
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ int main() {
 	}
 
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<BehaviourScript>> scripts
-		= ComponentManager::GetInstance()
-			  .GetComponentsByType<BehaviourScript>();
+		= ComponentManager::GetInstance().GetComponentsByType<BehaviourScript>();
 	for (BehaviourScript & script : scripts) {
 		//script.onStart();
 		//script.onUpdate();
@@ -66,10 +65,10 @@ int main() {
 		delete gameObject[i];
 	}
 
-	auto Addtime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-		stopAdding - startAdding);
-	auto LoopTime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-		stopLooping - stopAdding);
+	auto Addtime
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(stopAdding - startAdding);
+	auto LoopTime
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(stopLooping - stopAdding);
 	std::cout << "AddTime: " << Addtime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
 	std::cout << "LoopTime: " << LoopTime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
index ff8fde4..fa95952 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/ContiguousContainer.hpp
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ size_t ContiguousContainer<T>::getSize() const {
 
 // Function that returns a vector of references to all stored objects
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-ContiguousContainer<T>::getAllReferences() {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> ContiguousContainer<T>::getAllReferences() {
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> references;
 	references.reserve(mSize); // Reserve space to avoid reallocation
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < mSize; ++i) {
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
index be3ffa2..909b4be 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/inc/GameObjectMax.hpp
@@ -2,18 +2,15 @@
 
 template <typename... Args>
 void GameObject::addSpriteComponent(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addSpriteComponent(
-		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addSpriteComponent(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
 void GameObject::addRigidbodyComponent(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addRigidbodyComponent(
-		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addRigidbodyComponent(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
 void GameObject::addColiderComponent(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addColiderComponent(
-		std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+	ComponentManager::GetInstance().addColiderComponent(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
index 8c1fd23..e7a8866 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -6,17 +6,14 @@ ComponentManager & ComponentManager::GetInstance() { return mInstance; }
 
 ComponentManager::ComponentManager() {}
 
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>>
-ComponentManager::getAllSpriteReferences() {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Sprite>> ComponentManager::getAllSpriteReferences() {
 	return mSpriteContainer.getAllReferences();
 }
 
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>>
-ComponentManager::getAllRigidbodyReferences() {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> ComponentManager::getAllRigidbodyReferences() {
 	return mRigidbodyContainer.getAllReferences();
 }
 
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>>
-ComponentManager::getAllColiderReferences() {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Colider>> ComponentManager::getAllColiderReferences() {
 	return mColiderContainer.getAllReferences();
 }
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
index 753c8e2..0516f68 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/GameObjectMax.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
-GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag,
-					   int layer)
+GameObject::GameObject(std::uint32_t id, std::string name, std::string tag, int layer)
 	: mId(id),
 	  mName(name),
 	  mTag(tag),
diff --git a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
index 9c6f2aa..b564b8c 100644
--- a/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/ecs-memory-efficient/src/main.cpp
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ int main() {
 		delete gameObject[i];
 	}
 
-	auto Addtime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-		stopAdding - startAdding);
-	auto LoopTime = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-		stopLooping - stopAdding);
+	auto Addtime
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(stopAdding - startAdding);
+	auto LoopTime
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(stopLooping - stopAdding);
 	std::cout << "AddTime: " << Addtime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
 	std::cout << "LoopTime: " << LoopTime.count() << " us" << std::endl;
 }
diff --git a/mwe/events/include/customTypes.h b/mwe/events/include/customTypes.h
index 415b989..5a7851b 100644
--- a/mwe/events/include/customTypes.h
+++ b/mwe/events/include/customTypes.h
@@ -5,14 +5,10 @@ struct Vector2 {
 	float y; // Y component of the vector
 
 	// Vector subtraction
-	Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 & other) const {
-		return {x - other.x, y - other.y};
-	}
+	Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x - other.x, y - other.y}; }
 
 	// Vector addition
-	Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 & other) const {
-		return {x + other.x, y + other.y};
-	}
+	Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x + other.x, y + other.y}; }
 
 	// Scalar multiplication
 	Vector2 operator*(float scalar) const { return {x * scalar, y * scalar}; }
@@ -31,8 +27,7 @@ struct Collision {
 	Vector2 contactNormal; // Normal vector at the contact point
 
 	// Constructor to initialize a Collision
-	Collision(int idA, int idB, const Vector2 & point, const Vector2 & normal,
-			  float depth)
+	Collision(int idA, int idB, const Vector2 & point, const Vector2 & normal, float depth)
 		: objectIdA(idA),
 		  objectIdB(idB),
 		  contactPoint(point),
diff --git a/mwe/events/include/event.h b/mwe/events/include/event.h
index 16c75bf..ee1bf52 100644
--- a/mwe/events/include/event.h
+++ b/mwe/events/include/event.h
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ public: \
 		static std::uint32_t typeID = UUIDGenerator::getUniqueID(); \
 		return typeID; \
 	} \
-	virtual std::uint32_t getEventType() const override { \
-		return getStaticEventType(); \
-	}
+	virtual std::uint32_t getEventType() const override { return getStaticEventType(); }
 class Event {
 public:
 	Event(std::string eventType);
@@ -32,16 +30,14 @@ public:
 	void addArgument(const std::string & key,
 					 const std::variant<int, std::string, float> & value);
 
-	std::variant<int, std::string, float>
-	getArgument(const std::string & key) const;
+	std::variant<int, std::string, float> getArgument(const std::string & key) const;
 
 	std::string getType() const;
 	bool getHandled() const;
 	void markHandled();
 
 private:
-	std::unordered_map<std::string, std::variant<int, std::string, float>>
-		eventData;
+	std::unordered_map<std::string, std::variant<int, std::string, float>> eventData;
 	bool isHandled = false;
 };
 
diff --git a/mwe/events/include/eventManager.h b/mwe/events/include/eventManager.h
index 508a5e2..30e927f 100644
--- a/mwe/events/include/eventManager.h
+++ b/mwe/events/include/eventManager.h
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	void shutdown();
-	void subscribe(int eventType,
-				   std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper> && handler,
+	void subscribe(int eventType, std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper> && handler,
 				   int eventId);
-	void unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName,
-					 int eventId);
+	void unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName, int eventId);
 	void triggerEvent(const Event & event_, int eventId);
 	void queueEvent(std::unique_ptr<Event> && event_, int eventId);
 	void dispatchEvents();
@@ -30,11 +28,9 @@ public:
 private:
 	EventManager() = default;
 	std::vector<std::pair<std::unique_ptr<Event>, int>> eventsQueue;
-	std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>
-		subscribers;
+	std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>> subscribers;
 	std::unordered_map<
-		int, std::unordered_map<
-				 int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>
+		int, std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>
 		subscribersByEventId;
 };
 
@@ -42,18 +38,16 @@ template <typename EventType>
 inline void subscribe(const EventHandler<EventType> & callback, int eventId = 0,
 					  const bool unsubscribeOnSuccess = false) {
 	std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper> handler
-		= std::make_unique<EventHandlerWrapper<EventType>>(
-			callback, unsubscribeOnSuccess);
-	EventManager::getInstance().subscribe(EventType::getStaticEventType(),
-										  std::move(handler), eventId);
+		= std::make_unique<EventHandlerWrapper<EventType>>(callback, unsubscribeOnSuccess);
+	EventManager::getInstance().subscribe(EventType::getStaticEventType(), std::move(handler),
+										  eventId);
 }
 
 template <typename EventType>
-inline void unsubscribe(const EventHandler<EventType> & callback,
-						int eventId = 0) {
+inline void unsubscribe(const EventHandler<EventType> & callback, int eventId = 0) {
 	const std::string handlerName = callback.target_type().name();
-	EventManager::getInstance().unsubscribe(EventType::getStaticEventType(),
-											handlerName, eventId);
+	EventManager::getInstance().unsubscribe(EventType::getStaticEventType(), handlerName,
+											eventId);
 }
 
 inline void triggerEvent(const Event & triggeredEvent, int eventId = 0) {
@@ -61,6 +55,6 @@ inline void triggerEvent(const Event & triggeredEvent, int eventId = 0) {
 }
 
 inline void queueEvent(std::unique_ptr<Event> && queuedEvent, int eventId = 0) {
-	EventManager::getInstance().queueEvent(
-		std::forward<std::unique_ptr<Event>>(queuedEvent), eventId);
+	EventManager::getInstance().queueEvent(std::forward<std::unique_ptr<Event>>(queuedEvent),
+										   eventId);
 }
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/event.cpp b/mwe/events/src/event.cpp
index 8ffa0b1..0040c73 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/event.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/event.cpp
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@ void Event::addArgument(const std::string & key,
 	eventData[key] = value;
 }
 
-std::variant<int, std::string, float>
-Event::getArgument(const std::string & key) const {
+std::variant<int, std::string, float> Event::getArgument(const std::string & key) const {
 	return eventData.at(key);
 }
 
-std::string Event::getType() const {
-	return std::get<std::string>(eventData.at("eventType"));
-}
+std::string Event::getType() const { return std::get<std::string>(eventData.at("eventType")); }
 std::string Event::toString() const { return std::to_string(getEventType()); }
 bool Event::getHandled() const { return isHandled; }
 
@@ -32,9 +29,7 @@ Keycode KeyPressedEvent::getKeyCode() const { return key; }
 int KeyPressedEvent::getRepeatCount() const { return repeatCount; }
 
 // KeyReleasedEvent class methods
-KeyReleasedEvent::KeyReleasedEvent(int keycode)
-	: Event("KeyReleasedEvent"),
-	  key(keycode) {}
+KeyReleasedEvent::KeyReleasedEvent(int keycode) : Event("KeyReleasedEvent"), key(keycode) {}
 
 Keycode KeyReleasedEvent::getKeyCode() const { return key; }
 
@@ -44,22 +39,16 @@ MousePressedEvent::MousePressedEvent(int mouseX, int mouseY)
 	  mouseX(mouseX),
 	  mouseY(mouseY) {}
 
-std::pair<int, int> MousePressedEvent::getMousePosition() const {
-	return {mouseX, mouseY};
-}
+std::pair<int, int> MousePressedEvent::getMousePosition() const { return {mouseX, mouseY}; }
 
 //Collision event
 CollisionEvent::CollisionEvent(Collision collision)
 	: collisionData(collision),
 	  Event("CollisionEvent") {}
 
-Collision CollisionEvent::getCollisionData() const {
-	return this->collisionData;
-}
+Collision CollisionEvent::getCollisionData() const { return this->collisionData; }
 
-TextSubmitEvent::TextSubmitEvent(std::string text)
-	: text(text),
-	  Event("TextSubmitEvent") {}
+TextSubmitEvent::TextSubmitEvent(std::string text) : text(text), Event("TextSubmitEvent") {}
 
 std::string TextSubmitEvent::getText() const { return this->text; }
 
@@ -68,9 +57,7 @@ MouseReleasedEvent::MouseReleasedEvent(int x, int y, MouseButton button)
 	  mouseY(y),
 	  button(button),
 	  Event("MouseReleased") {}
-std::pair<int, int> MouseReleasedEvent::getMousePosition() const {
-	return {mouseX, mouseY};
-}
+std::pair<int, int> MouseReleasedEvent::getMousePosition() const { return {mouseX, mouseY}; }
 MouseClickEvent::MouseClickEvent(int x, int y, MouseButton button)
 	: mouseX(x),
 	  mouseY(y),
@@ -80,9 +67,5 @@ MouseMovedEvent::MouseMovedEvent(int x, int y)
 	: mouseX(x),
 	  mouseY(y),
 	  Event("MouseMovedEvent") {}
-std::pair<int, int> MouseClickEvent::getMousePosition() const {
-	return {mouseX, mouseY};
-}
-std::pair<int, int> MouseMovedEvent::getMousePosition() const {
-	return {mouseX, mouseY};
-}
+std::pair<int, int> MouseClickEvent::getMousePosition() const { return {mouseX, mouseY}; }
+std::pair<int, int> MouseMovedEvent::getMousePosition() const { return {mouseX, mouseY}; }
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/eventManager.cpp b/mwe/events/src/eventManager.cpp
index 34a093d..9e7d880 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/eventManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/eventManager.cpp
@@ -2,33 +2,27 @@
 
 void EventManager::shutdown() { subscribers.clear(); }
 
-void EventManager::subscribe(int eventType,
-							 std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper> && handler,
+void EventManager::subscribe(int eventType, std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper> && handler,
 							 int eventId) {
 	if (eventId) {
 		std::unordered_map<
-			int, std::unordered_map<
-					 int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>::
+			int, std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>::
 			iterator subscribers
 			= subscribersByEventId.find(eventType);
 
 		if (subscribers != subscribersByEventId.end()) {
-			std::unordered_map<
-				int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>> &
+			std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>> &
 				handlersMap
 				= subscribers->second;
 			std::unordered_map<
-				int,
-				std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator
-				handlers
+				int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator handlers
 				= handlersMap.find(eventId);
 			if (handlers != handlersMap.end()) {
 				handlers->second.emplace_back(std::move(handler));
 				return;
 			}
 		}
-		subscribersByEventId[eventType][eventId].emplace_back(
-			std::move(handler));
+		subscribersByEventId[eventType][eventId].emplace_back(std::move(handler));
 
 	} else {
 		auto & handlers = subscribers[eventType];
@@ -36,29 +30,23 @@ void EventManager::subscribe(int eventType,
 	}
 }
 
-void EventManager::unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName,
-							   int eventId) {
+void EventManager::unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName, int eventId) {
 	if (eventId) {
 		std::unordered_map<
-			int, std::unordered_map<
-					 int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>::
+			int, std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>>::
 			iterator subscriberList
 			= subscribersByEventId.find(eventType);
 		if (subscriberList != subscribersByEventId.end()) {
-			std::unordered_map<
-				int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>> &
+			std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>> &
 				handlersMap
 				= subscriberList->second;
 			std::unordered_map<
-				int,
-				std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator
-				handlers
+				int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator handlers
 				= handlersMap.find(eventId);
 			if (handlers != handlersMap.end()) {
 				std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>> & callbacks
 					= handlers->second;
-				for (std::vector<
-						 std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>::iterator it
+				for (std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>::iterator it
 					 = callbacks.begin();
 					 it != callbacks.end(); ++it) {
 					if (it->get()->getType() == handlerName) {
@@ -69,13 +57,11 @@ void EventManager::unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName,
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		std::unordered_map<
-			int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator
+		std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>>::iterator
 			handlersIt
 			= subscribers.find(eventType);
 		if (handlersIt != subscribers.end()) {
-			std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>> & handlers
-				= handlersIt->second;
+			std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>> & handlers = handlersIt->second;
 			for (std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>>::iterator it
 				 = handlers.begin();
 				 it != handlers.end(); ++it) {
@@ -90,8 +76,7 @@ void EventManager::unsubscribe(int eventType, const std::string & handlerName,
 
 void EventManager::triggerEvent(const Event & event_, int eventId) {
 	if (eventId > 0) {
-		auto handlersIt
-			= subscribersByEventId[event_.getEventType()].find(eventId);
+		auto handlersIt = subscribersByEventId[event_.getEventType()].find(eventId);
 		if (handlersIt != subscribersByEventId[event_.getEventType()].end()) {
 			std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IEventHandlerWrapper>> & callbacks
 				= handlersIt->second;
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/iKeyListener.cpp b/mwe/events/src/iKeyListener.cpp
index 0235fab..d5d1d90 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/iKeyListener.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/iKeyListener.cpp
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 IKeyListener::~IKeyListener() { unsubscribeEvents(); }
 
 void IKeyListener::subscribeEvents(int listenerId) {
-	keyPressedHandler
-		= [this](const KeyPressedEvent & event) { this->onKeyPressed(event); };
-	keyReleasedHandler = [this](const KeyReleasedEvent & event) {
-		this->onKeyReleased(event);
-	};
+	keyPressedHandler = [this](const KeyPressedEvent & event) { this->onKeyPressed(event); };
+	keyReleasedHandler
+		= [this](const KeyReleasedEvent & event) { this->onKeyReleased(event); };
 
 	subscribe<KeyPressedEvent>(keyPressedHandler, listenerId);
 	subscribe<KeyReleasedEvent>(keyReleasedHandler, listenerId);
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/iMouseListener.cpp b/mwe/events/src/iMouseListener.cpp
index 69d8c9f..53e6f80 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/iMouseListener.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/iMouseListener.cpp
@@ -2,17 +2,12 @@
 IMouseListener::~IMouseListener() { unsubscribeEvents(); }
 
 void IMouseListener::subscribeEvents(int listenerId) {
-	mouseClickHandler = [this](const MouseClickEvent & event) {
-		this->onMouseClicked(event);
-	};
-	mousePressHandler = [this](const MousePressedEvent & event) {
-		this->onMousePressed(event);
-	};
-	mouseReleaseHandler = [this](const MouseReleasedEvent & event) {
-		this->onMouseReleased(event);
-	};
-	mouseMoveHandler
-		= [this](const MouseMovedEvent & event) { this->onMouseMoved(event); };
+	mouseClickHandler = [this](const MouseClickEvent & event) { this->onMouseClicked(event); };
+	mousePressHandler
+		= [this](const MousePressedEvent & event) { this->onMousePressed(event); };
+	mouseReleaseHandler
+		= [this](const MouseReleasedEvent & event) { this->onMouseReleased(event); };
+	mouseMoveHandler = [this](const MouseMovedEvent & event) { this->onMouseMoved(event); };
 
 	subscribe<MouseClickEvent>(mouseClickHandler, listenerId);
 	subscribe<MousePressedEvent>(mousePressHandler, listenerId);
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/inputSystem.cpp b/mwe/events/src/inputSystem.cpp
index b87b12e..d740c9e 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/inputSystem.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/inputSystem.cpp
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 InputSystem::InputSystem() {}
 
 void InputSystem::registerButton(Button * button) { buttons.push_back(button); }
-void InputSystem::registerTextInput(TextInput * input) {
-	textInputs.push_back(input);
-}
+void InputSystem::registerTextInput(TextInput * input) { textInputs.push_back(input); }
 void InputSystem::registerText(Text * label) { texts.push_back(label); }
 
 void InputSystem::processInput() {
@@ -16,8 +14,7 @@ void InputSystem::processInput() {
 				triggerEvent(ShutDownEvent());
 				break;
 			case SDL_KEYDOWN:
-				triggerEvent(
-					KeyPressedEvent(getCustomKey(event.key.keysym.sym)));
+				triggerEvent(KeyPressedEvent(getCustomKey(event.key.keysym.sym)));
 				processKeyPress(event.key.keysym.sym);
 				break;
 			case SDL_TEXTINPUT:
@@ -37,15 +34,14 @@ void InputSystem::processInput() {
 
 void InputSystem::processMouseClick(int mouseX, int mouseY) {
 	for (auto * button : buttons) {
-		if (mouseX >= button->x && mouseX <= (button->x + button->width)
-			&& mouseY >= button->y && mouseY <= (button->y + button->height)) {
+		if (mouseX >= button->x && mouseX <= (button->x + button->width) && mouseY >= button->y
+			&& mouseY <= (button->y + button->height)) {
 			button->onClick();
 		}
 	}
 	for (auto * textInput : textInputs) {
 		if (mouseX >= textInput->x && mouseX <= textInput->x + textInput->width
-			&& mouseY >= textInput->y
-			&& mouseY <= textInput->y + textInput->height) {
+			&& mouseY >= textInput->y && mouseY <= textInput->y + textInput->height) {
 			textInput->isActive = true;
 		} else {
 			textInput->isActive = false;
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/keyListenerTest.cpp b/mwe/events/src/keyListenerTest.cpp
index 8446dfa..f45dffd 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/keyListenerTest.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/keyListenerTest.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #include "keyListenerTest.h"
 
-KeyListenerTest::KeyListenerTest(int listenerId) {
-	subscribeEvents(listenerId);
-}
+KeyListenerTest::KeyListenerTest(int listenerId) { subscribeEvents(listenerId); }
 
 KeyListenerTest::~KeyListenerTest() { unsubscribeEvents(); }
 
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/loopManager.cpp b/mwe/events/src/loopManager.cpp
index 0b7d888..c58a5e7 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/loopManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/loopManager.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #include "loopManager.h"
 
 LoopManager::LoopManager() : inputSystem(std::make_unique<InputSystem>()) {
-	shutdownHandler
-		= [this](const ShutDownEvent & event) { this->onShutdown(event); };
+	shutdownHandler = [this](const ShutDownEvent & event) { this->onShutdown(event); };
 	subscribe(shutdownHandler);
 }
 void LoopManager::processInput() {
@@ -63,17 +62,15 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 	subscribe<KeyPressedEvent>(callback, false);
 	EventHandler<MousePressedEvent> mouseCallback = onMouse;
 	subscribe<MousePressedEvent>(mouseCallback, false);
-	EventHandler<KeyPressedEvent> closeWindowCallback
-		= [this](const KeyPressedEvent & e) {
-			  if (e.getKeyCode() == Escape) {
-				  this->setRunning(false);
-			  }
-		  };
+	EventHandler<KeyPressedEvent> closeWindowCallback = [this](const KeyPressedEvent & e) {
+		if (e.getKeyCode() == Escape) {
+			this->setRunning(false);
+		}
+	};
 	subscribe<KeyPressedEvent>(closeWindowCallback, false);
 	Button * testButton = new Button(200, 200);
 	testButton->color = {100, 0, 100};
-	testButton->onClick
-		= []() { std::cout << "Button was clicked" << std::endl; };
+	testButton->onClick = []() { std::cout << "Button was clicked" << std::endl; };
 	testButton->x = 200;
 	testButton->y = 200;
 	inputSystem->registerButton(testButton);
@@ -93,9 +90,7 @@ void LoopManager::render() {
 		window.renderUIObjects();
 	}
 }
-void LoopManager::onShutdown(const ShutDownEvent & e) {
-	this->gameRunning = false;
-}
+void LoopManager::onShutdown(const ShutDownEvent & e) { this->gameRunning = false; }
 void LoopManager::update() {
 	//fprintf(stderr, "**********normal update********** \n");
 	LoopTimer & timer = LoopTimer::getInstance();
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/main.cpp b/mwe/events/src/main.cpp
index f4e7390..ad0fd69 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/main.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ private:
 	int playerID;
 };
 void onPlayerDamaged(const PlayerDamagedEvent & e) {
-	std::cout << "Player " << e.getPlayerID() << " took " << e.getDamage()
-			  << " damage." << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "Player " << e.getPlayerID() << " took " << e.getDamage() << " damage."
+			  << std::endl;
 }
 
 void onKeyPressed1(const KeyPressedEvent & e) {
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ void onKeyPressed(const KeyPressedEvent & e) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "second function KeyCode %d\n", keyCode);
 }
 void CollisionHandler(const CollisionEvent & e) {
-	std::cout << "collision betwee object id: "
-			  << e.getCollisionData().objectIdA
+	std::cout << "collision betwee object id: " << e.getCollisionData().objectIdA
 			  << " and id: " << e.getCollisionData().objectIdB << std::endl;
 }
 void testCollisionEvent() {
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/mouseListenerTest.cpp b/mwe/events/src/mouseListenerTest.cpp
index a2a7e6d..7b35f4e 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/mouseListenerTest.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/mouseListenerTest.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #include "mouseListenerTest.h"
 
-MouseListenerTest::MouseListenerTest(int listenerId) {
-	subscribeEvents(listenerId);
-}
+MouseListenerTest::MouseListenerTest(int listenerId) { subscribeEvents(listenerId); }
 
 MouseListenerTest::~MouseListenerTest() { unsubscribeEvents(); }
 
@@ -12,13 +10,13 @@ void MouseListenerTest::onMouseClicked(const MouseClickEvent & event) {
 }
 
 void MouseListenerTest::onMousePressed(const MousePressedEvent & event) {
-	std::cout << "Mouse button pressed at: (" << event.getMousePosition().first
-			  << ", " << event.getMousePosition().second << ")" << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "Mouse button pressed at: (" << event.getMousePosition().first << ", "
+			  << event.getMousePosition().second << ")" << std::endl;
 }
 
 void MouseListenerTest::onMouseReleased(const MouseReleasedEvent & event) {
-	std::cout << "Mouse button released at: (" << event.getMousePosition().first
-			  << ", " << event.getMousePosition().second << ")" << std::endl;
+	std::cout << "Mouse button released at: (" << event.getMousePosition().first << ", "
+			  << event.getMousePosition().second << ")" << std::endl;
 }
 
 void MouseListenerTest::onMouseMoved(const MouseMovedEvent & event) {
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/timer.cpp b/mwe/events/src/timer.cpp
index 0b89bf5..0f8339f 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/timer.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/timer.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ void LoopTimer::enforceFrameRate() {
 	double frameDuration = (currentFrameTime - lastFrameTime) / 1000.0;
 
 	if (frameDuration < frameTargetTime) {
-		uint32_t delayTime
-			= (uint32_t) ((frameTargetTime - frameDuration) * 1000.0);
+		uint32_t delayTime = (uint32_t) ((frameTargetTime - frameDuration) * 1000.0);
 		SDL_Delay(delayTime);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/uiRenderer.cpp b/mwe/events/src/uiRenderer.cpp
index 9fec272..ca8d284 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/uiRenderer.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/uiRenderer.cpp
@@ -24,21 +24,18 @@ void UIRenderer::renderButton(Button * button) {
 // Private helper function to render a Text
 void UIRenderer::renderText(Text * text) {
 	if (text->font != nullptr) {
-		SDL_Color sdlColor
-			= {text->color.red, text->color.green, text->color.blue, 255};
+		SDL_Color sdlColor = {text->color.red, text->color.green, text->color.blue, 255};
 		SDL_Surface * textSurface
 			= TTF_RenderText_Blended(text->font, text->text.c_str(), sdlColor);
 		if (!textSurface) {
-			std::cerr << "Error creating text surface: " << TTF_GetError()
-					  << std::endl;
+			std::cerr << "Error creating text surface: " << TTF_GetError() << std::endl;
 			return;
 		}
 
-		SDL_Texture * textTexture
-			= SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, textSurface);
+		SDL_Texture * textTexture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, textSurface);
 		if (!textTexture) {
-			std::cerr << "Error creating texture from surface: "
-					  << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
+			std::cerr << "Error creating texture from surface: " << SDL_GetError()
+					  << std::endl;
 			SDL_FreeSurface(textSurface);
 			return;
 		}
diff --git a/mwe/events/src/window.cpp b/mwe/events/src/window.cpp
index f482b7f..af2b627 100644
--- a/mwe/events/src/window.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/src/window.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ bool WindowManager::initWindow() {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	window = SDL_CreateWindow("SDL Tutorial", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
-							  SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, SCREEN_WIDTH,
-							  SCREEN_HEIGHT, SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN);
+	window = SDL_CreateWindow("SDL Tutorial", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
+							  SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN);
 	if (!window) {
 		std::cerr << "Error creating SDL Window.\n";
 		return false;
@@ -36,9 +35,7 @@ void WindowManager::destroyWindow() {
 }
 
 SDL_Renderer * WindowManager::getRenderer() { return renderer; }
-void WindowManager::addUIObject(UIObject * uiObject) {
-	uiObjects.push_back(uiObject);
-}
+void WindowManager::addUIObject(UIObject * uiObject) { uiObjects.push_back(uiObject); }
 
 void WindowManager::renderUIObjects() {
 	for (UIObject * obj : uiObjects) {
diff --git a/mwe/events/versions/delayBased.cpp b/mwe/events/versions/delayBased.cpp
index 253a03a..634de9c 100644
--- a/mwe/events/versions/delayBased.cpp
+++ b/mwe/events/versions/delayBased.cpp
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 	LoopTimer::getInstance().setFPS(210);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-		GameObject * square2
-			= new GameObject("square2", i * 40, i * 40, 20, 20, 0, 0);
+		GameObject * square2 = new GameObject("square2", i * 40, i * 40, 20, 20, 0, 0);
 		objectList.push_back(square2);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h b/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
index abdc9b0..2764215 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/include/gameObject.h
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 class GameObject {
 public:
 	GameObject();
-	GameObject(std::string name, float x, float y, float width, float height,
-			   float velX, float velY);
+	GameObject(std::string name, float x, float y, float width, float height, float velX,
+			   float velY);
 	std::string getName() const;
 	float getX() const;
 	float getY() const;
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/gameObject.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/gameObject.cpp
index b33dc78..809e25f 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/gameObject.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/gameObject.cpp
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ void GameObject::setVelX(float value) { velX = value; }
 
 void GameObject::setVelY(float value) { velY = value; }
 
-GameObject::GameObject(std::string name, float x, float y, float width,
-					   float height, float velX, float velY)
+GameObject::GameObject(std::string name, float x, float y, float width, float height,
+					   float velX, float velY)
 	: name(name),
 	  x(x),
 	  y(y),
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
index 49d65fb..fb06995 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/loopManager.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ void LoopManager::processInput() {
 			if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_ESCAPE) {
 				gameRunning = false;
 			} else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_i) {
-				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(
-					LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale() + 0.1);
+				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale()
+													  + 0.1);
 			} else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_k) {
-				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(
-					LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale() - 0.1);
+				LoopTimer::getInstance().setGameScale(LoopTimer::getInstance().getGameScale()
+													  - 0.1);
 			}
 
 			break;
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 	LoopTimer::getInstance().setFPS(10);
 	this->gameRunning = true;
 	for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++) {
-		GameObject * square
-			= new GameObject("square2", i * 60, i * 60, 20, 20, 0, 0);
+		GameObject * square = new GameObject("square2", i * 60, i * 60, 20, 20, 0, 0);
 		objectList.push_back(square);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
index 97baef6..5ae1564 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/timer.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ void LoopTimer::enforceFrameRate() {
 	double frameDuration = (currentFrameTime - lastFrameTime) / 1000.0;
 
 	if (frameDuration < frameTargetTime) {
-		uint32_t delayTime
-			= (uint32_t) ((frameTargetTime - frameDuration) * 1000.0);
+		uint32_t delayTime = (uint32_t) ((frameTargetTime - frameDuration) * 1000.0);
 		SDL_Delay(delayTime);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/src/window.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/src/window.cpp
index dd1d98f..8f802e1 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/src/window.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/src/window.cpp
@@ -36,9 +36,8 @@ bool WindowManager::initWindow() {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Error inititalising SDL.\n");
 		return false;
 	}
-	window = SDL_CreateWindow("SDL Tutorial", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
-							  SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, SCREEN_WIDTH,
-							  SCREEN_HEIGHT, SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN);
+	window = SDL_CreateWindow("SDL Tutorial", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
+							  SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN);
 	if (!window) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Error creating SDL Window. \n");
 		return false;
diff --git a/mwe/gameloop/versions/delayBased.cpp b/mwe/gameloop/versions/delayBased.cpp
index 253a03a..634de9c 100644
--- a/mwe/gameloop/versions/delayBased.cpp
+++ b/mwe/gameloop/versions/delayBased.cpp
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 	LoopTimer::getInstance().setFPS(210);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-		GameObject * square2
-			= new GameObject("square2", i * 40, i * 40, 20, 20, 0, 0);
+		GameObject * square2 = new GameObject("square2", i * 40, i * 40, 20, 20, 0, 0);
 		objectList.push_back(square2);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/TextureMap.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/TextureMap.cpp
index d82975c..284f8a8 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/TextureMap.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/TextureMap.cpp
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ TextureMap::~TextureMap() {
 }
 
 //public
-bool TextureMap::loadFromFile(const std::string & path,
-							  SDL_Renderer * renderer) {
+bool TextureMap::loadFromFile(const std::string & path, SDL_Renderer * renderer) {
 	assert(renderer != nullptr);
 	assert(!path.empty());
 
@@ -34,12 +33,11 @@ bool TextureMap::loadFromFile(const std::string & path,
 		constexpr std::int32_t bmask = 0x00ff0000;
 		const std::int32_t amask = c == 4 ? 0xff000000 : 0;
 
-		auto * surface = SDL_CreateRGBSurfaceFrom(data, x, y, c * 8, pitch,
-												  rmask, gmask, bmask, amask);
+		auto * surface
+			= SDL_CreateRGBSurfaceFrom(data, x, y, c * 8, pitch, rmask, gmask, bmask, amask);
 
 		if (!surface) {
-			std::cerr << "Unable to create texture surface: " << SDL_GetError()
-					  << "\n";
+			std::cerr << "Unable to create texture surface: " << SDL_GetError() << "\n";
 			stbi_image_free(data);
 			return false;
 		}
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/main.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/main.cpp
index b6416f6..1910af8 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/main.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/main.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,8 @@ int main() {
 
 	SDL_Event event;
 
-	SDL_Window * window
-		= SDL_CreateWindow("Tessting resources", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
-						   SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, 640, 480, 0);
+	SDL_Window * window = SDL_CreateWindow("Tessting resources", SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
+										   SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, 640, 480, 0);
 
 	SDL_Renderer * renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(window, -1, 0);
 
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/map_layer.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/map_layer.cpp
index 6339707..17792a6 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/map_layer.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/map_layer.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ bool MapLayer::create(const tmx::Map & map, std::uint32_t layerIndex,
 	const auto & tileSets = map.getTilesets();
 
 	const auto tintColour = layer.getTintColour();
-	const SDL_Colour vertColour
-		= {tintColour.r, tintColour.g, tintColour.b, tintColour.a};
+	const SDL_Colour vertColour = {tintColour.r, tintColour.g, tintColour.b, tintColour.a};
 
 	for (auto i = 0u; i < tileSets.size(); ++i) {
 		//check tile ID to see if it falls within the current tile set
@@ -40,8 +39,7 @@ bool MapLayer::create(const tmx::Map & map, std::uint32_t layerIndex,
 			for (auto x = 0u; x < mapSize.x; ++x) {
 				const auto idx = y * mapSize.x + x;
 				if (idx < tileIDs.size() && tileIDs[idx].ID >= ts.getFirstGID()
-					&& tileIDs[idx].ID
-						   < (ts.getFirstGID() + ts.getTileCount())) {
+					&& tileIDs[idx].ID < (ts.getFirstGID() + ts.getTileCount())) {
 					//tex coords
 					auto idIndex = (tileIDs[idx].ID - ts.getFirstGID());
 					float u = static_cast<float>(idIndex % tileCountX);
@@ -55,36 +53,24 @@ bool MapLayer::create(const tmx::Map & map, std::uint32_t layerIndex,
 					v /= textures[i]->getSize().y;
 
 					//vert pos
-					const float tilePosX
-						= static_cast<float>(x) * mapTileSize.x;
-					const float tilePosY
-						= (static_cast<float>(y) * mapTileSize.y);
+					const float tilePosX = static_cast<float>(x) * mapTileSize.x;
+					const float tilePosY = (static_cast<float>(y) * mapTileSize.y);
 
 					//push back to vert array
-					SDL_Vertex vert
-						= {{tilePosX, tilePosY}, vertColour, {u, v}};
+					SDL_Vertex vert = {{tilePosX, tilePosY}, vertColour, {u, v}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
-					vert = {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY},
-							vertColour,
-							{u + uNorm, v}};
+					vert = {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY}, vertColour, {u + uNorm, v}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
-					vert = {{tilePosX, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y},
-							vertColour,
-							{u, v + vNorm}};
+					vert = {{tilePosX, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y}, vertColour, {u, v + vNorm}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
 
-					vert = {{tilePosX, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y},
-							vertColour,
-							{u, v + vNorm}};
+					vert = {{tilePosX, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y}, vertColour, {u, v + vNorm}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
-					vert = {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY},
-							vertColour,
-							{u + uNorm, v}};
+					vert = {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY}, vertColour, {u + uNorm, v}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
-					vert
-						= {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y},
-						   vertColour,
-						   {u + uNorm, v + vNorm}};
+					vert = {{tilePosX + mapTileSize.x, tilePosY + mapTileSize.y},
+							vertColour,
+							{u + uNorm, v + vNorm}};
 					verts.emplace_back(vert);
 				}
 			}
@@ -104,7 +90,6 @@ void MapLayer::draw(SDL_Renderer * renderer) const {
 	assert(renderer);
 	for (const auto & s : m_subsets) {
 		SDL_RenderGeometry(renderer, s.texture, s.vertexData.data(),
-						   static_cast<std::int32_t>(s.vertexData.size()),
-						   nullptr, 0);
+						   static_cast<std::int32_t>(s.vertexData.size()), nullptr, 0);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/resource_converter.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/resource_converter.cpp
index 0477dc2..632f630 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/resource_converter.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/resource_converter.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ SDL_Surface * ResourceConverter::FromStringToImage(const Texture & resource) {
 	const std::string & content = resource.getContent();
 	SDL_RWops * rw = SDL_RWFromConstMem(content.data(), content.size());
 	if (!rw) {
-		std::cerr << "Failed to create SDL_RWops: " << SDL_GetError()
-				  << std::endl;
+		std::cerr << "Failed to create SDL_RWops: " << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
 		return nullptr;
 	}
 
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/spritesheet.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/spritesheet.cpp
index a5881e5..9739e01 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/spritesheet.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/spritesheet.cpp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-SpriteSheet::SpriteSheet(const std::string & content) {
-	this->m_content = content;
-}
+SpriteSheet::SpriteSheet(const std::string & content) { this->m_content = content; }
 
 SpriteSheet::~SpriteSheet() {}
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/stb_image.h b/mwe/resource-manager/stb_image.h
index ce0cc10..3462f3a 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/stb_image.h
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/stb_image.h
@@ -410,9 +410,8 @@ typedef struct {
 	int (*read)(
 		void * user, char * data,
 		int size); // fill 'data' with 'size' bytes.  return number of bytes actually read
-	void (*skip)(
-		void * user,
-		int n); // skip the next 'n' bytes, or 'unget' the last -n bytes if negative
+	void (*skip)(void * user,
+				 int n); // skip the next 'n' bytes, or 'unget' the last -n bytes if negative
 	int (*eof)(void * user); // returns nonzero if we are at end of file/data
 } stbi_io_callbacks;
 
@@ -421,33 +420,28 @@ typedef struct {
 // 8-bits-per-channel interface
 //
 
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-										int * x, int * y,
-										int * channels_in_file,
-										int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-										   void * user, int * x, int * y,
-										   int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+										int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user,
+										   int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 										   int desired_channels);
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load(char const * filename, int * x, int * y,
-							int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
-									  int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
+							int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 									  int desired_channels);
 // for stbi_load_from_file, file pointer is left pointing immediately after image
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-											int ** delays, int * x, int * y,
-											int * z, int * comp, int req_comp);
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int ** delays,
+											int * x, int * y, int * z, int * comp,
+											int req_comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8
-STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char * buffer, size_t bufferlen,
-									   const wchar_t * input);
+STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char * buffer, size_t bufferlen, const wchar_t * input);
 #endif
 
 ////////////////////////////////////
@@ -455,20 +449,16 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char * buffer, size_t bufferlen,
 // 16-bits-per-channel interface
 //
 
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-										   int * x, int * y,
-										   int * channels_in_file,
-										   int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-											  void * user, int * x, int * y,
-											  int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+										   int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user,
+											  int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 											  int desired_channels);
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16(char const * filename, int * x, int * y,
-							   int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
-										 int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
+							   int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 										 int desired_channels);
 #endif
 
@@ -477,19 +467,16 @@ STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
 // float-per-channel interface
 //
 #ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x,
-									   int * y, int * channels_in_file,
-									   int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-										  void * user, int * x, int * y,
-										  int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+									   int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user, int * x,
+										  int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 										  int desired_channels);
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf(char const * filename, int * x, int * y,
-						   int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
-									 int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
+						   int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 									 int desired_channels);
 #endif
 #endif
@@ -505,8 +492,7 @@ STBIDEF void stbi_ldr_to_hdr_scale(float scale);
 #endif // STBI_NO_LINEAR
 
 // stbi_is_hdr is always defined, but always returns false if STBI_NO_HDR
-STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-									   void * user);
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user);
 STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len);
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
 STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr(char const * filename);
@@ -521,13 +507,12 @@ STBIDEF const char * stbi_failure_reason(void);
 STBIDEF void stbi_image_free(void * retval_from_stbi_load);
 
 // get image dimensions & components without fully decoding
-STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x,
-								  int * y, int * comp);
-STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-									 void * user, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+								  int * comp);
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user, int * x,
+									 int * y, int * comp);
 STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len);
-STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-										  void * user);
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user);
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
 STBIDEF int stbi_info(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
@@ -539,8 +524,7 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_file(FILE * f);
 // for image formats that explicitly notate that they have premultiplied alpha,
 // we just return the colors as stored in the file. set this flag to force
 // unpremultiplication. results are undefined if the unpremultiply overflow.
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
 
 // indicate whether we should process iphone images back to canonical format,
 // or just pass them through "as-is"
@@ -552,32 +536,23 @@ STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_flip);
 // as above, but only applies to images loaded on the thread that calls the function
 // this function is only available if your compiler supports thread-local variables;
 // calling it will fail to link if your compiler doesn't
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert);
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip);
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert);
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip);
 
 // ZLIB client - used by PNG, available for other purposes
 
 STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(const char * buffer, int len,
-												 int initial_size,
-												 int * outlen);
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char * buffer,
-															int len,
-															int initial_size,
-															int * outlen,
+												 int initial_size, int * outlen);
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char * buffer, int len,
+															int initial_size, int * outlen,
 															int parse_header);
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(const char * buffer, int len,
-									   int * outlen);
-STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
-									const char * ibuffer, int ilen);
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(const char * buffer, int len, int * outlen);
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen, const char * ibuffer, int ilen);
 
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(const char * buffer, int len,
-												int * outlen);
-STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
-											 const char * ibuffer, int ilen);
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(const char * buffer, int len, int * outlen);
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen, const char * ibuffer,
+											 int ilen);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
@@ -590,11 +565,10 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
 
 #ifdef STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
 
-#if defined(STBI_ONLY_JPEG) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PNG) \
-	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_BMP) || defined(STBI_ONLY_TGA) \
-	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_GIF) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PSD) \
-	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_HDR) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PIC) \
-	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_PNM) || defined(STBI_ONLY_ZLIB)
+#if defined(STBI_ONLY_JPEG) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PNG) || defined(STBI_ONLY_BMP) \
+	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_TGA) || defined(STBI_ONLY_GIF) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PSD) \
+	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_HDR) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PIC) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PNM) \
+	|| defined(STBI_ONLY_ZLIB)
 #ifndef STBI_ONLY_JPEG
 #define STBI_NO_JPEG
 #endif
@@ -624,8 +598,7 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && !defined(STBI_SUPPORT_ZLIB) \
-	&& !defined(STBI_NO_ZLIB)
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && !defined(STBI_SUPPORT_ZLIB) && !defined(STBI_NO_ZLIB)
 #define STBI_NO_ZLIB
 #endif
 
@@ -671,8 +644,7 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
 #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL __thread
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL __declspec(thread)
-#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L \
-	&& !defined(__STDC_NO_THREADS__)
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L && !defined(__STDC_NO_THREADS__)
 #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL _Thread_local
 #endif
 
@@ -755,8 +727,8 @@ typedef unsigned char validate_uint32[sizeof(stbi__uint32) == 4 ? 1 : -1];
 #define STBI_NO_SIMD
 #endif
 
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) \
-	&& !defined(STBI_MINGW_ENABLE_SSE2) && !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD)
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) && !defined(STBI_MINGW_ENABLE_SSE2) \
+	&& !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD)
 // Note that __MINGW32__ doesn't actually mean 32-bit, so we have to avoid STBI__X64_TARGET
 //
 // 32-bit MinGW wants ESP to be 16-byte aligned, but this is not in the
@@ -771,8 +743,7 @@ typedef unsigned char validate_uint32[sizeof(stbi__uint32) == 4 ? 1 : -1];
 #define STBI_NO_SIMD
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD) \
-	&& (defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) || defined(STBI__X64_TARGET))
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD) && (defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) || defined(STBI__X64_TARGET))
 #define STBI_SSE2
 #include <emmintrin.h>
 
@@ -868,8 +839,7 @@ typedef struct {
 static void stbi__refill_buffer(stbi__context * s);
 
 // initialize a memory-decode context
-static void stbi__start_mem(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc const * buffer,
-							int len) {
+static void stbi__start_mem(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc const * buffer, int len) {
 	s->io.read = NULL;
 	s->read_from_callbacks = 0;
 	s->callback_already_read = 0;
@@ -878,8 +848,7 @@ static void stbi__start_mem(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc const * buffer,
 }
 
 // initialize a callback-based context
-static void stbi__start_callbacks(stbi__context * s, stbi_io_callbacks * c,
-								  void * user) {
+static void stbi__start_callbacks(stbi__context * s, stbi_io_callbacks * c, void * user) {
 	s->io = *c;
 	s->io_user_data = user;
 	s->buflen = sizeof(s->buffer_start);
@@ -941,68 +910,68 @@ typedef struct {
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_JPEG
 static int stbi__jpeg_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							  int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							  stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__jpeg_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
 static int stbi__png_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__png_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__png_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__png_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 static int stbi__png_is16(stbi__context * s);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
 static int stbi__bmp_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__bmp_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
 static int stbi__tga_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
 static int stbi__psd_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc);
+static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc);
 static int stbi__psd_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 static int stbi__psd_is16(stbi__context * s);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
 static int stbi__hdr_test(stbi__context * s);
-static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							  int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							  stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__hdr_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
 static int stbi__pic_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__pic_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__pic_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__pic_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
 static int stbi__gif_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__gif_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
-static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x,
-								  int * y, int * z, int * comp, int req_comp);
+static void * stbi__gif_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x, int * y, int * z,
+								  int * comp, int req_comp);
 static int stbi__gif_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
 static int stbi__pnm_test(stbi__context * s);
-static void * stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri);
+static void * stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri);
 static int stbi__pnm_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp);
 static int stbi__pnm_is16(stbi__context * s);
 #endif
@@ -1013,9 +982,7 @@ static
 #endif
 	const char * stbi__g_failure_reason;
 
-STBIDEF const char * stbi_failure_reason(void) {
-	return stbi__g_failure_reason;
-}
+STBIDEF const char * stbi_failure_reason(void) { return stbi__g_failure_reason; }
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_FAILURE_STRINGS
 static int stbi__err(const char * str) {
@@ -1074,8 +1041,7 @@ static int stbi__mad3sizes_valid(int a, int b, int c, int add) {
 #if !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR) || !defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
 static int stbi__mad4sizes_valid(int a, int b, int c, int d, int add) {
 	return stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a, b) && stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a * b, c)
-		   && stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a * b * c, d)
-		   && stbi__addsizes_valid(a * b * c * d, add);
+		   && stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a * b * c, d) && stbi__addsizes_valid(a * b * c * d, add);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -1102,8 +1068,7 @@ static void * stbi__malloc_mad4(int a, int b, int c, int d, int add) {
 
 // returns 1 if the sum of two signed ints is valid (between -2^31 and 2^31-1 inclusive), 0 on overflow.
 static int stbi__addints_valid(int a, int b) {
-	if ((a >= 0) != (b >= 0))
-		return 1; // a and b have different signs, so no overflow
+	if ((a >= 0) != (b >= 0)) return 1; // a and b have different signs, so no overflow
 	if (a < 0 && b < 0)
 		return a
 			   >= INT_MIN
@@ -1116,9 +1081,7 @@ static int stbi__mul2shorts_valid(int a, int b) {
 	if (b == 0 || b == -1)
 		return 1; // multiplication by 0 is always 0; check for -1 so SHRT_MIN/b doesn't overflow
 	if ((a >= 0) == (b >= 0))
-		return a
-			   <= SHRT_MAX
-					  / b; // product is positive, so similar to mul2sizes_valid
+		return a <= SHRT_MAX / b; // product is positive, so similar to mul2sizes_valid
 	if (b < 0) return a <= SHRT_MIN / b; // same as a * b >= SHRT_MIN
 	return a >= SHRT_MIN / b;
 }
@@ -1136,8 +1099,7 @@ static int stbi__mul2shorts_valid(int a, int b) {
 #endif
 
 #define stbi__errpf(x, y) ((float *) (size_t) (stbi__err(x, y) ? NULL : NULL))
-#define stbi__errpuc(x, y) \
-	((unsigned char *) (size_t) (stbi__err(x, y) ? NULL : NULL))
+#define stbi__errpuc(x, y) ((unsigned char *) (size_t) (stbi__err(x, y) ? NULL : NULL))
 
 STBIDEF void stbi_image_free(void * retval_from_stbi_load) {
 	STBI_FREE(retval_from_stbi_load);
@@ -1163,8 +1125,7 @@ STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_flip) {
 static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_local,
 	stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_set;
 
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip) {
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip) {
 	stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_local = flag_true_if_should_flip;
 	stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_set = 1;
 }
@@ -1174,12 +1135,11 @@ stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip) {
 									   : stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_global)
 #endif // STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
 
-static void * stbi__load_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							  int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc) {
+static void * stbi__load_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							  stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc) {
 	memset(ri, 0,
 		   sizeof(*ri)); // make sure it's initialized if we add new fields
-	ri->bits_per_channel
-		= 8; // default is 8 so most paths don't have to be changed
+	ri->bits_per_channel = 8; // default is 8 so most paths don't have to be changed
 	ri->channel_order
 		= STBI_ORDER_RGB; // all current input & output are this, but this is here so we can add BGR order
 	ri->num_channels = 0;
@@ -1196,8 +1156,7 @@ static void * stbi__load_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	if (stbi__gif_test(s)) return stbi__gif_load(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, ri);
 #endif
 #ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
-	if (stbi__psd_test(s))
-		return stbi__psd_load(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, ri, bpc);
+	if (stbi__psd_test(s)) return stbi__psd_load(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, ri, bpc);
 #else
 	STBI_NOTUSED(bpc);
 #endif
@@ -1227,12 +1186,10 @@ static void * stbi__load_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	if (stbi__tga_test(s)) return stbi__tga_load(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, ri);
 #endif
 
-	return stbi__errpuc("unknown image type",
-						"Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+	return stbi__errpuc("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
 }
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__convert_16_to_8(stbi__uint16 * orig, int w, int h,
-									   int channels) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__convert_16_to_8(stbi__uint16 * orig, int w, int h, int channels) {
 	int i;
 	int img_len = w * h * channels;
 	stbi_uc * reduced;
@@ -1249,15 +1206,13 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__convert_16_to_8(stbi__uint16 * orig, int w, int h,
 	return reduced;
 }
 
-static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_8_to_16(stbi_uc * orig, int w, int h,
-											int channels) {
+static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_8_to_16(stbi_uc * orig, int w, int h, int channels) {
 	int i;
 	int img_len = w * h * channels;
 	stbi__uint16 * enlarged;
 
 	enlarged = (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__malloc(img_len * 2);
-	if (enlarged == NULL)
-		return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+	if (enlarged == NULL) return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 
 	for (i = 0; i < img_len; ++i)
 		enlarged[i]
@@ -1269,8 +1224,7 @@ static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_8_to_16(stbi_uc * orig, int w, int h,
 	return enlarged;
 }
 
-static void stbi__vertical_flip(void * image, int w, int h,
-								int bytes_per_pixel) {
+static void stbi__vertical_flip(void * image, int w, int h, int bytes_per_pixel) {
 	int row;
 	size_t bytes_per_row = (size_t) w * bytes_per_pixel;
 	stbi_uc temp[2048];
@@ -1282,8 +1236,7 @@ static void stbi__vertical_flip(void * image, int w, int h,
 		// swap row0 with row1
 		size_t bytes_left = bytes_per_row;
 		while (bytes_left) {
-			size_t bytes_copy
-				= (bytes_left < sizeof(temp)) ? bytes_left : sizeof(temp);
+			size_t bytes_copy = (bytes_left < sizeof(temp)) ? bytes_left : sizeof(temp);
 			memcpy(temp, row0, bytes_copy);
 			memcpy(row0, row1, bytes_copy);
 			memcpy(row1, temp, bytes_copy);
@@ -1308,10 +1261,8 @@ static void stbi__vertical_flip_slices(void * image, int w, int h, int z,
 }
 #endif
 
-static unsigned char * stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(stbi__context * s,
-													   int * x, int * y,
-													   int * comp,
-													   int req_comp) {
+static unsigned char * stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y,
+													   int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__result_info ri;
 	void * result = stbi__load_main(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, &ri, 8);
 
@@ -1336,10 +1287,8 @@ static unsigned char * stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(stbi__context * s,
 	return (unsigned char *) result;
 }
 
-static stbi__uint16 * stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(stbi__context * s,
-													   int * x, int * y,
-													   int * comp,
-													   int req_comp) {
+static stbi__uint16 * stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y,
+													   int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__result_info ri;
 	void * result = stbi__load_main(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, &ri, 16);
 
@@ -1366,8 +1315,8 @@ static stbi__uint16 * stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(stbi__context * s,
 }
 
 #if !defined(STBI_NO_HDR) && !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR)
-static void stbi__float_postprocess(float * result, int * x, int * y,
-									int * comp, int req_comp) {
+static void stbi__float_postprocess(float * result, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
+									int req_comp) {
 	if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load && result != NULL) {
 		int channels = req_comp ? req_comp : *comp;
 		stbi__vertical_flip(result, *x, *y, channels * sizeof(float));
@@ -1378,19 +1327,20 @@ static void stbi__float_postprocess(float * result, int * x, int * y,
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8)
-STBI_EXTERN __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall MultiByteToWideChar(
-	unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags, const char * str, int cbmb,
-	wchar_t * widestr, int cchwide);
+STBI_EXTERN
+__declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall MultiByteToWideChar(unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags,
+														const char * str, int cbmb,
+														wchar_t * widestr, int cchwide);
 STBI_EXTERN __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall WideCharToMultiByte(
-	unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags, const wchar_t * widestr, int cchwide,
-	char * str, int cbmb, const char * defchar, int * used_default);
+	unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags, const wchar_t * widestr, int cchwide, char * str,
+	int cbmb, const char * defchar, int * used_default);
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8)
 STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char * buffer, size_t bufferlen,
 									   const wchar_t * input) {
-	return WideCharToMultiByte(65001 /* UTF8 */, 0, input, -1, buffer,
-							   (int) bufferlen, NULL, NULL);
+	return WideCharToMultiByte(65001 /* UTF8 */, 0, input, -1, buffer, (int) bufferlen, NULL,
+							   NULL);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -1433,8 +1383,7 @@ STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	return result;
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-									  int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	unsigned char * result;
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_file(&s, f);
@@ -1446,8 +1395,8 @@ STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	return result;
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi__uint16 * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
-											  int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi__uint16 * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
+											  int req_comp) {
 	stbi__uint16 * result;
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_file(&s, f);
@@ -1459,12 +1408,11 @@ STBIDEF stbi__uint16 * stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE * f, int * x, int * y,
 	return result;
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16(char const * filename, int * x, int * y,
-							   int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
+							   int req_comp) {
 	FILE * f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
 	stbi__uint16 * result;
-	if (!f)
-		return (stbi_us *) stbi__errpuc("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+	if (!f) return (stbi_us *) stbi__errpuc("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
 	result = stbi_load_from_file_16(f, x, y, comp, req_comp);
 	fclose(f);
 	return result;
@@ -1472,52 +1420,44 @@ STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16(char const * filename, int * x, int * y,
 
 #endif //!STBI_NO_STDIO
 
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-										   int * x, int * y,
-										   int * channels_in_file,
-										   int desired_channels) {
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+										   int * channels_in_file, int desired_channels) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_mem(&s, buffer, len);
-	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s, x, y, channels_in_file,
-											desired_channels);
+	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s, x, y, channels_in_file, desired_channels);
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-											  void * user, int * x, int * y,
-											  int * channels_in_file,
+STBIDEF stbi_us * stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user,
+											  int * x, int * y, int * channels_in_file,
 											  int desired_channels) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
-	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s, x, y, channels_in_file,
-											desired_channels);
+	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s, x, y, channels_in_file, desired_channels);
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-										int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-										int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+										int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_mem(&s, buffer, len);
 	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(&s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
 }
 
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-										   void * user, int * x, int * y,
-										   int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user,
+										   int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
 	return stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(&s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
 }
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
-STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len,
-											int ** delays, int * x, int * y,
-											int * z, int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF stbi_uc * stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int ** delays,
+											int * x, int * y, int * z, int * comp,
+											int req_comp) {
 	unsigned char * result;
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_mem(&s, buffer, len);
 
-	result = (unsigned char *) stbi__load_gif_main(&s, delays, x, y, z, comp,
-												   req_comp);
+	result = (unsigned char *) stbi__load_gif_main(&s, delays, x, y, z, comp, req_comp);
 	if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load) {
 		stbi__vertical_flip_slices(result, *x, *y, *z, *comp);
 	}
@@ -1539,30 +1479,26 @@ static float * stbi__loadf_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	}
 #endif
 	data = stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
-	if (data)
-		return stbi__ldr_to_hdr(data, *x, *y, req_comp ? req_comp : *comp);
-	return stbi__errpf("unknown image type",
-					   "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+	if (data) return stbi__ldr_to_hdr(data, *x, *y, req_comp ? req_comp : *comp);
+	return stbi__errpf("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
 }
 
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x,
-									   int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+									   int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_mem(&s, buffer, len);
 	return stbi__loadf_main(&s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
 }
 
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-										  void * user, int * x, int * y,
-										  int * comp, int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user, int * x,
+										  int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
 	return stbi__loadf_main(&s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
 }
 
 #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-						   int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	float * result;
 	FILE * f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
 	if (!f) return stbi__errpf("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
@@ -1571,8 +1507,7 @@ STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf(char const * filename, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	return result;
 }
 
-STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-									 int req_comp) {
+STBIDEF float * stbi_loadf_from_file(FILE * f, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_file(&s, f);
 	return stbi__loadf_main(&s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
@@ -1624,8 +1559,7 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_file(FILE * f) {
 }
 #endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk,
-									   void * user) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * clbk, void * user) {
 #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
@@ -1646,12 +1580,8 @@ STBIDEF void stbi_ldr_to_hdr_scale(float scale) { stbi__l2h_scale = scale; }
 
 static float stbi__h2l_gamma_i = 1.0f / 2.2f, stbi__h2l_scale_i = 1.0f;
 
-STBIDEF void stbi_hdr_to_ldr_gamma(float gamma) {
-	stbi__h2l_gamma_i = 1 / gamma;
-}
-STBIDEF void stbi_hdr_to_ldr_scale(float scale) {
-	stbi__h2l_scale_i = 1 / scale;
-}
+STBIDEF void stbi_hdr_to_ldr_gamma(float gamma) { stbi__h2l_gamma_i = 1 / gamma; }
+STBIDEF void stbi_hdr_to_ldr_scale(float scale) { stbi__h2l_scale_i = 1 / scale; }
 
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //
@@ -1736,8 +1666,7 @@ static int stbi__getn(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc * buffer, int n) {
 
 			memcpy(buffer, s->img_buffer, blen);
 
-			count = (s->io.read)(s->io_user_data, (char *) buffer + blen,
-								 n - blen);
+			count = (s->io.read)(s->io_user_data, (char *) buffer + blen, n - blen);
 			res = (count == (n - blen));
 			s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_end;
 			return res;
@@ -1788,8 +1717,7 @@ static stbi__uint32 stbi__get32le(stbi__context * s) {
 }
 #endif
 
-#define STBI__BYTECAST(x) \
-	((stbi_uc) ((x) & 255)) // truncate int to byte without warnings
+#define STBI__BYTECAST(x) ((stbi_uc) ((x) & 255)) // truncate int to byte without warnings
 
 #if defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_BMP) \
 	&& defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_GIF) \
@@ -1817,9 +1745,8 @@ static stbi_uc stbi__compute_y(int r, int g, int b) {
 	&& defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
 // nothing
 #else
-static unsigned char * stbi__convert_format(unsigned char * data, int img_n,
-											int req_comp, unsigned int x,
-											unsigned int y) {
+static unsigned char * stbi__convert_format(unsigned char * data, int img_n, int req_comp,
+											unsigned int x, unsigned int y) {
 	int i, j;
 	unsigned char * good;
 
@@ -1871,18 +1798,14 @@ static unsigned char * stbi__convert_format(unsigned char * data, int img_n,
 				dest[3] = 255;
 			}
 			break;
-			STBI__CASE(3, 1) {
-				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
-			}
+			STBI__CASE(3, 1) { dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]); }
 			break;
 			STBI__CASE(3, 2) {
 				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
 				dest[1] = 255;
 			}
 			break;
-			STBI__CASE(4, 1) {
-				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
-			}
+			STBI__CASE(4, 1) { dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]); }
 			break;
 			STBI__CASE(4, 2) {
 				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
@@ -1899,8 +1822,7 @@ static unsigned char * stbi__convert_format(unsigned char * data, int img_n,
 				STBI_ASSERT(0);
 				STBI_FREE(data);
 				STBI_FREE(good);
-				return stbi__errpuc("unsupported",
-									"Unsupported format conversion");
+				return stbi__errpuc("unsupported", "Unsupported format conversion");
 		}
 #undef STBI__CASE
 	}
@@ -1921,9 +1843,8 @@ static stbi__uint16 stbi__compute_y_16(int r, int g, int b) {
 #if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD)
 // nothing
 #else
-static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_format16(stbi__uint16 * data, int img_n,
-											 int req_comp, unsigned int x,
-											 unsigned int y) {
+static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_format16(stbi__uint16 * data, int img_n, int req_comp,
+											 unsigned int x, unsigned int y) {
 	int i, j;
 	stbi__uint16 * good;
 
@@ -1975,18 +1896,14 @@ static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_format16(stbi__uint16 * data, int img_n,
 				dest[3] = 0xffff;
 			}
 			break;
-			STBI__CASE(3, 1) {
-				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
-			}
+			STBI__CASE(3, 1) { dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]); }
 			break;
 			STBI__CASE(3, 2) {
 				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
 				dest[1] = 0xffff;
 			}
 			break;
-			STBI__CASE(4, 1) {
-				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
-			}
+			STBI__CASE(4, 1) { dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]); }
 			break;
 			STBI__CASE(4, 2) {
 				dest[0] = stbi__compute_y_16(src[0], src[1], src[2]);
@@ -2003,8 +1920,8 @@ static stbi__uint16 * stbi__convert_format16(stbi__uint16 * data, int img_n,
 				STBI_ASSERT(0);
 				STBI_FREE(data);
 				STBI_FREE(good);
-				return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc(
-					"unsupported", "Unsupported format conversion");
+				return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc("unsupported",
+													 "Unsupported format conversion");
 		}
 #undef STBI__CASE
 	}
@@ -2029,9 +1946,8 @@ static float * stbi__ldr_to_hdr(stbi_uc * data, int x, int y, int comp) {
 	else n = comp - 1;
 	for (i = 0; i < x * y; ++i) {
 		for (k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
-			output[i * comp + k]
-				= (float) (pow(data[i * comp + k] / 255.0f, stbi__l2h_gamma)
-						   * stbi__l2h_scale);
+			output[i * comp + k] = (float) (pow(data[i * comp + k] / 255.0f, stbi__l2h_gamma)
+											* stbi__l2h_scale);
 		}
 	}
 	if (n < comp) {
@@ -2060,10 +1976,9 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__hdr_to_ldr(float * data, int x, int y, int comp) {
 	else n = comp - 1;
 	for (i = 0; i < x * y; ++i) {
 		for (k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
-			float z = (float) pow(data[i * comp + k] * stbi__h2l_scale_i,
-								  stbi__h2l_gamma_i)
-						  * 255
-					  + 0.5f;
+			float z
+				= (float) pow(data[i * comp + k] * stbi__h2l_scale_i, stbi__h2l_gamma_i) * 255
+				  + 0.5f;
 			if (z < 0) z = 0;
 			if (z > 255) z = 255;
 			output[i * comp + k] = (stbi_uc) stbi__float2int(z);
@@ -2164,11 +2079,10 @@ typedef struct {
 
 	// kernels
 	void (*idct_block_kernel)(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]);
-	void (*YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel)(stbi_uc * out, const stbi_uc * y,
-								const stbi_uc * pcb, const stbi_uc * pcr,
-								int count, int step);
-	stbi_uc * (*resample_row_hv_2_kernel)(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-										  stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs);
+	void (*YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel)(stbi_uc * out, const stbi_uc * y, const stbi_uc * pcb,
+								const stbi_uc * pcr, int count, int step);
+	stbi_uc * (*resample_row_hv_2_kernel)(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far,
+										  int w, int hs);
 } stbi__jpeg;
 
 static int stbi__build_huffman(stbi__huffman * h, int * count) {
@@ -2191,8 +2105,7 @@ static int stbi__build_huffman(stbi__huffman * h, int * count) {
 		h->delta[j] = k - code;
 		if (h->size[k] == j) {
 			while (h->size[k] == j) h->code[k++] = (stbi__uint16) (code++);
-			if (code - 1 >= (1u << j))
-				return stbi__err("bad code lengths", "Corrupt JPEG");
+			if (code - 1 >= (1u << j)) return stbi__err("bad code lengths", "Corrupt JPEG");
 		}
 		// compute largest code + 1 for this size, preshifted as needed later
 		h->maxcode[j] = code << (16 - j);
@@ -2230,14 +2143,12 @@ static void stbi__build_fast_ac(stbi__int16 * fast_ac, stbi__huffman * h) {
 
 			if (magbits && len + magbits <= FAST_BITS) {
 				// magnitude code followed by receive_extend code
-				int k = ((i << len) & ((1 << FAST_BITS) - 1))
-						>> (FAST_BITS - magbits);
+				int k = ((i << len) & ((1 << FAST_BITS) - 1)) >> (FAST_BITS - magbits);
 				int m = 1 << (magbits - 1);
 				if (k < m) k += (~0U << magbits) + 1;
 				// if the result is small enough, we can fit it in fast_ac table
 				if (k >= -128 && k <= 127)
-					fast_ac[i] = (stbi__int16) ((k * 256) + (run * 16)
-												+ (len + magbits));
+					fast_ac[i] = (stbi__int16) ((k * 256) + (run * 16) + (len + magbits));
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -2262,12 +2173,10 @@ static void stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(stbi__jpeg * j) {
 
 // (1 << n) - 1
 static const stbi__uint32 stbi__bmask[17]
-	= {0,	1,	  3,	7,	  15,	31,	   63,	  127,	255,
-	   511, 1023, 2047, 4095, 8191, 16383, 32767, 65535};
+	= {0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023, 2047, 4095, 8191, 16383, 32767, 65535};
 
 // decode a jpeg huffman value from the bitstream
-stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(stbi__jpeg * j,
-											  stbi__huffman * h) {
+stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(stbi__jpeg * j, stbi__huffman * h) {
 	unsigned int temp;
 	int c, k;
 
@@ -2306,9 +2215,8 @@ stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(stbi__jpeg * j,
 	c = ((j->code_buffer >> (32 - k)) & stbi__bmask[k]) + h->delta[k];
 	if (c < 0 || c >= 256) // symbol id out of bounds!
 		return -1;
-	STBI_ASSERT(
-		(((j->code_buffer) >> (32 - h->size[c])) & stbi__bmask[h->size[c]])
-		== h->code[c]);
+	STBI_ASSERT((((j->code_buffer) >> (32 - h->size[c])) & stbi__bmask[h->size[c]])
+				== h->code[c]);
 
 	// convert the id to a symbol
 	j->code_bits -= k;
@@ -2317,9 +2225,8 @@ stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(stbi__jpeg * j,
 }
 
 // bias[n] = (-1<<n) + 1
-static const int stbi__jbias[16]
-	= {0,	 -1,   -3,	  -7,	 -15,	-31,   -63,	   -127,
-	   -255, -511, -1023, -2047, -4095, -8191, -16383, -32767};
+static const int stbi__jbias[16] = {0,	  -1,	-3,	   -7,	  -15,	 -31,	-63,	-127,
+									-255, -511, -1023, -2047, -4095, -8191, -16383, -32767};
 
 // combined JPEG 'receive' and JPEG 'extend', since baseline
 // always extends everything it receives.
@@ -2366,17 +2273,15 @@ stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_get_bit(stbi__jpeg * j) {
 // given a value that's at position X in the zigzag stream,
 // where does it appear in the 8x8 matrix coded as row-major?
 static const stbi_uc stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[64 + 15]
-	= {0, 1, 8, 16, 9, 2, 3, 10, 17, 24, 32, 25, 18, 11, 4, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33,
-	   40, 48, 41, 34, 27, 20, 13, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 57, 50, 43,
-	   36, 29, 22, 15, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 58, 59, 52, 45, 38, 31, 39, 46, 53,
-	   60, 61, 54, 47, 55, 62, 63,
+	= {0, 1, 8, 16, 9, 2, 3, 10, 17, 24, 32, 25, 18, 11, 4, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 48, 41, 34,
+	   27, 20, 13, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 57, 50, 43, 36, 29, 22, 15, 23, 30, 37,
+	   44, 51, 58, 59, 52, 45, 38, 31, 39, 46, 53, 60, 61, 54, 47, 55, 62, 63,
 	   // let corrupt input sample past end
 	   63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63};
 
 // decode one 64-entry block--
-static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
-								   stbi__huffman * hdc, stbi__huffman * hac,
-								   stbi__int16 * fac, int b,
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64], stbi__huffman * hdc,
+								   stbi__huffman * hac, stbi__int16 * fac, int b,
 								   stbi__uint16 * dequant) {
 	int diff, dc, k;
 	int t;
@@ -2409,9 +2314,8 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 			k += (r >> 4) & 15; // run
 			s = r & 15; // combined length
 			if (s > j->code_bits)
-				return stbi__err(
-					"bad huffman code",
-					"Combined length longer than code bits available");
+				return stbi__err("bad huffman code",
+								 "Combined length longer than code bits available");
 			j->code_buffer <<= s;
 			j->code_bits -= s;
 			// decode into unzigzag'd location
@@ -2436,12 +2340,11 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
-										   stbi__huffman * hdc, int b) {
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64], stbi__huffman * hdc,
+										   int b) {
 	int diff, dc;
 	int t;
-	if (j->spec_end != 0)
-		return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+	if (j->spec_end != 0) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
 
 	if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
 
@@ -2449,8 +2352,7 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 		// first scan for DC coefficient, must be first
 		memset(data, 0, 64 * sizeof(data[0])); // 0 all the ac values now
 		t = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hdc);
-		if (t < 0 || t > 15)
-			return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+		if (t < 0 || t > 15) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
 		diff = t ? stbi__extend_receive(j, t) : 0;
 
 		if (!stbi__addints_valid(j->img_comp[b].dc_pred, diff))
@@ -2469,12 +2371,10 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 
 // @OPTIMIZE: store non-zigzagged during the decode passes,
 // and only de-zigzag when dequantizing
-static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
-										   stbi__huffman * hac,
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64], stbi__huffman * hac,
 										   stbi__int16 * fac) {
 	int k;
-	if (j->spec_start == 0)
-		return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+	if (j->spec_start == 0) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
 
 	if (j->succ_high == 0) {
 		int shift = j->succ_low;
@@ -2495,17 +2395,15 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 				k += (r >> 4) & 15; // run
 				s = r & 15; // combined length
 				if (s > j->code_bits)
-					return stbi__err(
-						"bad huffman code",
-						"Combined length longer than code bits available");
+					return stbi__err("bad huffman code",
+									 "Combined length longer than code bits available");
 				j->code_buffer <<= s;
 				j->code_bits -= s;
 				zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
 				data[zig] = (short) ((r >> 8) * (1 << shift));
 			} else {
 				int rs = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hac);
-				if (rs < 0)
-					return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
+				if (rs < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
 				s = rs & 15;
 				r = rs >> 4;
 				if (s == 0) {
@@ -2519,8 +2417,7 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 				} else {
 					k += r;
 					zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
-					data[zig]
-						= (short) (stbi__extend_receive(j, s) * (1 << shift));
+					data[zig] = (short) (stbi__extend_receive(j, s) * (1 << shift));
 				}
 			}
 		} while (k <= j->spec_end);
@@ -2547,8 +2444,7 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 				int rs = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(
 					j,
 					hac); // @OPTIMIZE see if we can use the fast path here, advance-by-r is so slow, eh
-				if (rs < 0)
-					return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
+				if (rs < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
 				s = rs & 15;
 				r = rs >> 4;
 				if (s == 0) {
@@ -2562,8 +2458,7 @@ static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg * j, short data[64],
 						// so we don't have to do anything special here
 					}
 				} else {
-					if (s != 1)
-						return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
+					if (s != 1) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
 					// sign bit
 					if (stbi__jpeg_get_bit(j)) s = bit;
 					else s = -bit;
@@ -2651,15 +2546,14 @@ static void stbi__idct_block(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 	// columns
 	for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i, ++d, ++v) {
 		// if all zeroes, shortcut -- this avoids dequantizing 0s and IDCTing
-		if (d[8] == 0 && d[16] == 0 && d[24] == 0 && d[32] == 0 && d[40] == 0
-			&& d[48] == 0 && d[56] == 0) {
+		if (d[8] == 0 && d[16] == 0 && d[24] == 0 && d[32] == 0 && d[40] == 0 && d[48] == 0
+			&& d[56] == 0) {
 			//    no shortcut                 0     seconds
 			//    (1|2|3|4|5|6|7)==0          0     seconds
 			//    all separate               -0.047 seconds
 			//    1 && 2|3 && 4|5 && 6|7:    -0.047 seconds
 			int dcterm = d[0] * 4;
-			v[0] = v[8] = v[16] = v[24] = v[32] = v[40] = v[48] = v[56]
-				= dcterm;
+			v[0] = v[8] = v[16] = v[24] = v[32] = v[40] = v[48] = v[56] = dcterm;
 		} else {
 			STBI__IDCT_1D(d[0], d[8], d[16], d[24], d[32], d[40], d[48], d[56])
 			// constants scaled things up by 1<<12; let's bring them back
@@ -2729,10 +2623,8 @@ static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 
 // out = in << 12  (in 16-bit, out 32-bit)
 #define dct_widen(out, in) \
-	__m128i out##_l \
-		= _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpacklo_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4); \
-	__m128i out##_h \
-		= _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpackhi_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4)
+	__m128i out##_l = _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpacklo_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4); \
+	__m128i out##_h = _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpackhi_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4)
 
 // wide add
 #define dct_wadd(out, a, b) \
@@ -2751,10 +2643,8 @@ static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 		__m128i abiased_h = _mm_add_epi32(a##_h, bias); \
 		dct_wadd(sum, abiased, b); \
 		dct_wsub(dif, abiased, b); \
-		out0 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(sum_l, s), \
-							   _mm_srai_epi32(sum_h, s)); \
-		out1 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(dif_l, s), \
-							   _mm_srai_epi32(dif_h, s)); \
+		out0 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(sum_l, s), _mm_srai_epi32(sum_h, s)); \
+		out1 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(dif_l, s), _mm_srai_epi32(dif_h, s)); \
 	}
 
 // 8-bit interleave step (for transposes)
@@ -2798,28 +2688,21 @@ static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 	}
 
 	__m128i rot0_0
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f),
-					stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f(-1.847759065f));
-	__m128i rot0_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f(0.765366865f),
-							   stbi__f2f(0.5411961f));
-	__m128i rot1_0
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-0.899976223f),
-					stbi__f2f(1.175875602f));
-	__m128i rot1_1
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f),
-					stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-2.562915447f));
-	__m128i rot2_0
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f(0.298631336f),
-					stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f));
-	__m128i rot2_1
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f),
-					stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f(3.072711026f));
-	__m128i rot3_0
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f(2.053119869f),
-					stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f));
-	__m128i rot3_1
-		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f),
-					stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f(1.501321110f));
+		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f), stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f(-1.847759065f));
+	__m128i rot0_1
+		= dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f(0.765366865f), stbi__f2f(0.5411961f));
+	__m128i rot1_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-0.899976223f),
+							   stbi__f2f(1.175875602f));
+	__m128i rot1_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f),
+							   stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-2.562915447f));
+	__m128i rot2_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f(0.298631336f),
+							   stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f));
+	__m128i rot2_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f),
+							   stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f(3.072711026f));
+	__m128i rot3_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f(2.053119869f),
+							   stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f));
+	__m128i rot3_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f),
+							   stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f(1.501321110f));
 
 	// rounding biases in column/row passes, see stbi__idct_block for explanation.
 	__m128i bias_0 = _mm_set1_epi32(512);
@@ -3030,8 +2913,7 @@ static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 	}
 #define dct_trn32(x, y) \
 	{ \
-		int32x4x2_t t \
-			= vtrnq_s32(vreinterpretq_s32_s16(x), vreinterpretq_s32_s16(y)); \
+		int32x4x2_t t = vtrnq_s32(vreinterpretq_s32_s16(x), vreinterpretq_s32_s16(y)); \
 		x = vreinterpretq_s16_s32(t.val[0]); \
 		y = vreinterpretq_s16_s32(t.val[1]); \
 	}
@@ -3092,15 +2974,13 @@ static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc * out, int out_stride, short data[64]) {
 	}
 #define dct_trn8_16(x, y) \
 	{ \
-		uint16x4x2_t t \
-			= vtrn_u16(vreinterpret_u16_u8(x), vreinterpret_u16_u8(y)); \
+		uint16x4x2_t t = vtrn_u16(vreinterpret_u16_u8(x), vreinterpret_u16_u8(y)); \
 		x = vreinterpret_u8_u16(t.val[0]); \
 		y = vreinterpret_u8_u16(t.val[1]); \
 	}
 #define dct_trn8_32(x, y) \
 	{ \
-		uint32x2x2_t t \
-			= vtrn_u32(vreinterpret_u32_u8(x), vreinterpret_u32_u8(y)); \
+		uint32x2x2_t t = vtrn_u32(vreinterpret_u32_u8(x), vreinterpret_u32_u8(y)); \
 		x = vreinterpret_u8_u32(t.val[0]); \
 		y = vreinterpret_u8_u32(t.val[1]); \
 	}
@@ -3211,14 +3091,13 @@ static int stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 			for (j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
 				for (i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
 					int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
-					if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(
-							z, data, z->huff_dc + z->img_comp[n].hd,
-							z->huff_ac + ha, z->fast_ac[ha], n,
-							z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]))
+					if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(z, data, z->huff_dc + z->img_comp[n].hd,
+												 z->huff_ac + ha, z->fast_ac[ha], n,
+												 z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]))
 						return 0;
-					z->idct_block_kernel(
-						z->img_comp[n].data + z->img_comp[n].w2 * j * 8 + i * 8,
-						z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+					z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data + z->img_comp[n].w2 * j * 8
+											 + i * 8,
+										 z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
 					// every data block is an MCU, so countdown the restart interval
 					if (--z->todo <= 0) {
 						if (z->code_bits < 24) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(z);
@@ -3245,15 +3124,14 @@ static int stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 								int x2 = (i * z->img_comp[n].h + x) * 8;
 								int y2 = (j * z->img_comp[n].v + y) * 8;
 								int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
-								if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(
-										z, data, z->huff_dc + z->img_comp[n].hd,
-										z->huff_ac + ha, z->fast_ac[ha], n,
-										z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]))
+								if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(z, data,
+															 z->huff_dc + z->img_comp[n].hd,
+															 z->huff_ac + ha, z->fast_ac[ha],
+															 n, z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]))
 									return 0;
-								z->idct_block_kernel(
-									z->img_comp[n].data + z->img_comp[n].w2 * y2
-										+ x2,
-									z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+								z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data
+														 + z->img_comp[n].w2 * y2 + x2,
+													 z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
 							}
 						}
 					}
@@ -3280,16 +3158,16 @@ static int stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 			int h = (z->img_comp[n].y + 7) >> 3;
 			for (j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
 				for (i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
-					short * data = z->img_comp[n].coeff
-								   + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+					short * data
+						= z->img_comp[n].coeff + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
 					if (z->spec_start == 0) {
 						if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(
 								z, data, &z->huff_dc[z->img_comp[n].hd], n))
 							return 0;
 					} else {
 						int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
-						if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(
-								z, data, &z->huff_ac[ha], z->fast_ac[ha]))
+						if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(z, data, &z->huff_ac[ha],
+															 z->fast_ac[ha]))
 							return 0;
 					}
 					// every data block is an MCU, so countdown the restart interval
@@ -3314,12 +3192,10 @@ static int stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 							for (x = 0; x < z->img_comp[n].h; ++x) {
 								int x2 = (i * z->img_comp[n].h + x);
 								int y2 = (j * z->img_comp[n].v + y);
-								short * data
-									= z->img_comp[n].coeff
-									  + 64 * (x2 + y2 * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+								short * data = z->img_comp[n].coeff
+											   + 64 * (x2 + y2 * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
 								if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(
-										z, data, &z->huff_dc[z->img_comp[n].hd],
-										n))
+										z, data, &z->huff_dc[z->img_comp[n].hd], n))
 									return 0;
 							}
 						}
@@ -3352,12 +3228,12 @@ static void stbi__jpeg_finish(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 			int h = (z->img_comp[n].y + 7) >> 3;
 			for (j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
 				for (i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
-					short * data = z->img_comp[n].coeff
-								   + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+					short * data
+						= z->img_comp[n].coeff + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
 					stbi__jpeg_dequantize(data, z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]);
-					z->idct_block_kernel(
-						z->img_comp[n].data + z->img_comp[n].w2 * j * 8 + i * 8,
-						z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+					z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data + z->img_comp[n].w2 * j * 8
+											 + i * 8,
+										 z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -3371,8 +3247,7 @@ static int stbi__process_marker(stbi__jpeg * z, int m) {
 			return stbi__err("expected marker", "Corrupt JPEG");
 
 		case 0xDD: // DRI - specify restart interval
-			if (stbi__get16be(z->s) != 4)
-				return stbi__err("bad DRI len", "Corrupt JPEG");
+			if (stbi__get16be(z->s) != 4) return stbi__err("bad DRI len", "Corrupt JPEG");
 			z->restart_interval = stbi__get16be(z->s);
 			return 1;
 
@@ -3382,14 +3257,12 @@ static int stbi__process_marker(stbi__jpeg * z, int m) {
 				int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
 				int p = q >> 4, sixteen = (p != 0);
 				int t = q & 15, i;
-				if (p != 0 && p != 1)
-					return stbi__err("bad DQT type", "Corrupt JPEG");
+				if (p != 0 && p != 1) return stbi__err("bad DQT type", "Corrupt JPEG");
 				if (t > 3) return stbi__err("bad DQT table", "Corrupt JPEG");
 
 				for (i = 0; i < 64; ++i)
 					z->dequant[t][stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[i]]
-						= (stbi__uint16) (sixteen ? stbi__get16be(z->s)
-												  : stbi__get8(z->s));
+						= (stbi__uint16) (sixteen ? stbi__get16be(z->s) : stbi__get8(z->s));
 				L -= (sixteen ? 129 : 65);
 			}
 			return L == 0;
@@ -3402,8 +3275,7 @@ static int stbi__process_marker(stbi__jpeg * z, int m) {
 				int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
 				int tc = q >> 4;
 				int th = q & 15;
-				if (tc > 1 || th > 3)
-					return stbi__err("bad DHT header", "Corrupt JPEG");
+				if (tc > 1 || th > 3) return stbi__err("bad DHT header", "Corrupt JPEG");
 				for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
 					sizes[i] = stbi__get8(z->s);
 					n += sizes[i];
@@ -3421,8 +3293,7 @@ static int stbi__process_marker(stbi__jpeg * z, int m) {
 					v = z->huff_ac[th].values;
 				}
 				for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) v[i] = stbi__get8(z->s);
-				if (tc != 0)
-					stbi__build_fast_ac(z->fast_ac[th], z->huff_ac + th);
+				if (tc != 0) stbi__build_fast_ac(z->fast_ac[th], z->huff_ac + th);
 				L -= n;
 			}
 			return L == 0;
@@ -3475,8 +3346,7 @@ static int stbi__process_scan_header(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 	z->scan_n = stbi__get8(z->s);
 	if (z->scan_n < 1 || z->scan_n > 4 || z->scan_n > (int) z->s->img_n)
 		return stbi__err("bad SOS component count", "Corrupt JPEG");
-	if (Ls != 6 + 2 * z->scan_n)
-		return stbi__err("bad SOS len", "Corrupt JPEG");
+	if (Ls != 6 + 2 * z->scan_n) return stbi__err("bad SOS len", "Corrupt JPEG");
 	for (i = 0; i < z->scan_n; ++i) {
 		int id = stbi__get8(z->s), which;
 		int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
@@ -3484,11 +3354,9 @@ static int stbi__process_scan_header(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 			if (z->img_comp[which].id == id) break;
 		if (which == z->s->img_n) return 0; // no match
 		z->img_comp[which].hd = q >> 4;
-		if (z->img_comp[which].hd > 3)
-			return stbi__err("bad DC huff", "Corrupt JPEG");
+		if (z->img_comp[which].hd > 3) return stbi__err("bad DC huff", "Corrupt JPEG");
 		z->img_comp[which].ha = q & 15;
-		if (z->img_comp[which].ha > 3)
-			return stbi__err("bad AC huff", "Corrupt JPEG");
+		if (z->img_comp[which].ha > 3) return stbi__err("bad AC huff", "Corrupt JPEG");
 		z->order[i] = which;
 	}
 
@@ -3500,9 +3368,8 @@ static int stbi__process_scan_header(stbi__jpeg * z) {
 		z->succ_high = (aa >> 4);
 		z->succ_low = (aa & 15);
 		if (z->progressive) {
-			if (z->spec_start > 63 || z->spec_end > 63
-				|| z->spec_start > z->spec_end || z->succ_high > 13
-				|| z->succ_low > 13)
+			if (z->spec_start > 63 || z->spec_end > 63 || z->spec_start > z->spec_end
+				|| z->succ_high > 13 || z->succ_low > 13)
 				return stbi__err("bad SOS", "Corrupt JPEG");
 		} else {
 			if (z->spec_start != 0) return stbi__err("bad SOS", "Corrupt JPEG");
@@ -3543,24 +3410,21 @@ static int stbi__process_frame_header(stbi__jpeg * z, int scan) {
 	if (Lf < 11) return stbi__err("bad SOF len", "Corrupt JPEG"); // JPEG
 	p = stbi__get8(s);
 	if (p != 8)
-		return stbi__err(
-			"only 8-bit",
-			"JPEG format not supported: 8-bit only"); // JPEG baseline
+		return stbi__err("only 8-bit",
+						 "JPEG format not supported: 8-bit only"); // JPEG baseline
 	s->img_y = stbi__get16be(s);
 	if (s->img_y == 0)
 		return stbi__err(
 			"no header height",
 			"JPEG format not supported: delayed height"); // Legal, but we don't handle it--but neither does IJG
 	s->img_x = stbi__get16be(s);
-	if (s->img_x == 0)
-		return stbi__err("0 width", "Corrupt JPEG"); // JPEG requires
+	if (s->img_x == 0) return stbi__err("0 width", "Corrupt JPEG"); // JPEG requires
 	if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
 		return stbi__err("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 	if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
 		return stbi__err("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 	c = stbi__get8(s);
-	if (c != 3 && c != 1 && c != 4)
-		return stbi__err("bad component count", "Corrupt JPEG");
+	if (c != 3 && c != 1 && c != 4) return stbi__err("bad component count", "Corrupt JPEG");
 	s->img_n = c;
 	for (i = 0; i < c; ++i) {
 		z->img_comp[i].data = NULL;
@@ -3598,10 +3462,8 @@ static int stbi__process_frame_header(stbi__jpeg * z, int scan) {
 	// check that plane subsampling factors are integer ratios; our resamplers can't deal with fractional ratios
 	// and I've never seen a non-corrupted JPEG file actually use them
 	for (i = 0; i < s->img_n; ++i) {
-		if (h_max % z->img_comp[i].h != 0)
-			return stbi__err("bad H", "Corrupt JPEG");
-		if (v_max % z->img_comp[i].v != 0)
-			return stbi__err("bad V", "Corrupt JPEG");
+		if (h_max % z->img_comp[i].h != 0) return stbi__err("bad H", "Corrupt JPEG");
+		if (v_max % z->img_comp[i].v != 0) return stbi__err("bad V", "Corrupt JPEG");
 	}
 
 	// compute interleaved mcu info
@@ -3629,25 +3491,22 @@ static int stbi__process_frame_header(stbi__jpeg * z, int scan) {
 		z->img_comp[i].coeff = 0;
 		z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff = 0;
 		z->img_comp[i].linebuf = NULL;
-		z->img_comp[i].raw_data
-			= stbi__malloc_mad2(z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, 15);
+		z->img_comp[i].raw_data = stbi__malloc_mad2(z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, 15);
 		if (z->img_comp[i].raw_data == NULL)
-			return stbi__free_jpeg_components(
-				z, i + 1, stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
+			return stbi__free_jpeg_components(z, i + 1,
+											  stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
 		// align blocks for idct using mmx/sse
-		z->img_comp[i].data
-			= (stbi_uc *) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_data + 15) & ~15);
+		z->img_comp[i].data = (stbi_uc *) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_data + 15) & ~15);
 		if (z->progressive) {
 			// w2, h2 are multiples of 8 (see above)
 			z->img_comp[i].coeff_w = z->img_comp[i].w2 / 8;
 			z->img_comp[i].coeff_h = z->img_comp[i].h2 / 8;
-			z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff = stbi__malloc_mad3(
-				z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, sizeof(short), 15);
+			z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff
+				= stbi__malloc_mad3(z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, sizeof(short), 15);
 			if (z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff == NULL)
-				return stbi__free_jpeg_components(
-					z, i + 1, stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
-			z->img_comp[i].coeff
-				= (short *) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff + 15) & ~15);
+				return stbi__free_jpeg_components(z, i + 1,
+												  stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
+			z->img_comp[i].coeff = (short *) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff + 15) & ~15);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -3731,8 +3590,7 @@ static int stbi__decode_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * j) {
 			int Ld = stbi__get16be(j->s);
 			stbi__uint32 NL = stbi__get16be(j->s);
 			if (Ld != 4) return stbi__err("bad DNL len", "Corrupt JPEG");
-			if (NL != j->s->img_y)
-				return stbi__err("bad DNL height", "Corrupt JPEG");
+			if (NL != j->s->img_y) return stbi__err("bad DNL height", "Corrupt JPEG");
 			m = stbi__get_marker(j);
 		} else {
 			if (!stbi__process_marker(j, m)) return 1;
@@ -3745,13 +3603,13 @@ static int stbi__decode_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * j) {
 
 // static jfif-centered resampling (across block boundaries)
 
-typedef stbi_uc * (*resample_row_func)(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in0,
-									   stbi_uc * in1, int w, int hs);
+typedef stbi_uc * (*resample_row_func)(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in0, stbi_uc * in1, int w,
+									   int hs);
 
 #define stbi__div4(x) ((stbi_uc) ((x) >> 2))
 
-static stbi_uc * resample_row_1(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-								stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs) {
+static stbi_uc * resample_row_1(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far, int w,
+								int hs) {
 	STBI_NOTUSED(out);
 	STBI_NOTUSED(in_far);
 	STBI_NOTUSED(w);
@@ -3759,8 +3617,8 @@ static stbi_uc * resample_row_1(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 	return in_near;
 }
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_v_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-										stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_v_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far,
+										int w, int hs) {
 	// need to generate two samples vertically for every one in input
 	int i;
 	STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
@@ -3768,8 +3626,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_v_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 	return out;
 }
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_h_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-										stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_h_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far,
+										int w, int hs) {
 	// need to generate two samples horizontally for every one in input
 	int i;
 	stbi_uc * input = in_near;
@@ -3798,8 +3656,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_h_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 
 #define stbi__div16(x) ((stbi_uc) ((x) >> 4))
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_hv_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-										 stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_hv_2(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far,
+										 int w, int hs) {
 	// need to generate 2x2 samples for every one in input
 	int i, t0, t1;
 	if (w == 1) {
@@ -3858,8 +3716,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 		__m128i prv0 = _mm_slli_si128(curr, 2);
 		__m128i nxt0 = _mm_srli_si128(curr, 2);
 		__m128i prev = _mm_insert_epi16(prv0, t1, 0);
-		__m128i next
-			= _mm_insert_epi16(nxt0, 3 * in_near[i + 8] + in_far[i + 8], 7);
+		__m128i next = _mm_insert_epi16(nxt0, 3 * in_near[i + 8] + in_far[i + 8], 7);
 
 		// horizontal filter, polyphase implementation since it's convenient:
 		// even pixels = 3*cur + prev = cur*4 + (prev - cur)
@@ -3899,8 +3756,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 		int16x8_t prv0 = vextq_s16(curr, curr, 7);
 		int16x8_t nxt0 = vextq_s16(curr, curr, 1);
 		int16x8_t prev = vsetq_lane_s16(t1, prv0, 0);
-		int16x8_t next
-			= vsetq_lane_s16(3 * in_near[i + 8] + in_far[i + 8], nxt0, 7);
+		int16x8_t next = vsetq_lane_s16(3 * in_near[i + 8] + in_far[i + 8], nxt0, 7);
 
 		// horizontal filter, polyphase implementation since it's convenient:
 		// even pixels = 3*cur + prev = cur*4 + (prev - cur)
@@ -3941,8 +3797,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 }
 #endif
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_generic(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
-											stbi_uc * in_far, int w, int hs) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_generic(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near, stbi_uc * in_far,
+											int w, int hs) {
 	// resample with nearest-neighbor
 	int i, j;
 	STBI_NOTUSED(in_far);
@@ -3954,9 +3810,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__resample_row_generic(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc * in_near,
 // this is a reduced-precision calculation of YCbCr-to-RGB introduced
 // to make sure the code produces the same results in both SIMD and scalar
 #define stbi__float2fixed(x) (((int) ((x) * 4096.0f + 0.5f)) << 8)
-static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_row(stbi_uc * out, const stbi_uc * y,
-								   const stbi_uc * pcb, const stbi_uc * pcr,
-								   int count, int step) {
+static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_row(stbi_uc * out, const stbi_uc * y, const stbi_uc * pcb,
+								   const stbi_uc * pcr, int count, int step) {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
 		int y_fixed = (y[i] << 20) + (1 << 19); // rounding
@@ -3991,9 +3846,8 @@ static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_row(stbi_uc * out, const stbi_uc * y,
 }
 
 #if defined(STBI_SSE2) || defined(STBI_NEON)
-static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc const * y,
-									stbi_uc const * pcb, stbi_uc const * pcr,
-									int count, int step) {
+static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc const * y, stbi_uc const * pcb,
+									stbi_uc const * pcr, int count, int step) {
 	int i = 0;
 
 #ifdef STBI_SSE2
@@ -4004,10 +3858,8 @@ static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc const * y,
 		// this is a fairly straightforward implementation and not super-optimized.
 		__m128i signflip = _mm_set1_epi8(-0x80);
 		__m128i cr_const0 = _mm_set1_epi16((short) (1.40200f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
-		__m128i cr_const1
-			= _mm_set1_epi16(-(short) (0.71414f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
-		__m128i cb_const0
-			= _mm_set1_epi16(-(short) (0.34414f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
+		__m128i cr_const1 = _mm_set1_epi16(-(short) (0.71414f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
+		__m128i cb_const0 = _mm_set1_epi16(-(short) (0.34414f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
 		__m128i cb_const1 = _mm_set1_epi16((short) (1.77200f * 4096.0f + 0.5f));
 		__m128i y_bias = _mm_set1_epi8((char) (unsigned char) 128);
 		__m128i xw = _mm_set1_epi16(255); // alpha channel
@@ -4074,10 +3926,8 @@ static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd(stbi_uc * out, stbi_uc const * y,
 			uint8x8_t y_bytes = vld1_u8(y + i);
 			uint8x8_t cr_bytes = vld1_u8(pcr + i);
 			uint8x8_t cb_bytes = vld1_u8(pcb + i);
-			int8x8_t cr_biased
-				= vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cr_bytes, signflip));
-			int8x8_t cb_biased
-				= vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cb_bytes, signflip));
+			int8x8_t cr_biased = vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cr_bytes, signflip));
+			int8x8_t cb_biased = vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cb_bytes, signflip));
 
 			// expand to s16
 			int16x8_t yws = vreinterpretq_s16_u16(vshll_n_u8(y_bytes, 4));
@@ -4181,14 +4031,13 @@ static stbi_uc stbi__blinn_8x8(stbi_uc x, stbi_uc y) {
 	return (stbi_uc) ((t + (t >> 8)) >> 8);
 }
 
-static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
-								 int * comp, int req_comp) {
+static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y, int * comp,
+								 int req_comp) {
 	int n, decode_n, is_rgb;
 	z->s->img_n = 0; // make stbi__cleanup_jpeg safe
 
 	// validate req_comp
-	if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4)
-		return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
+	if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4) return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
 
 	// load a jpeg image from whichever source, but leave in YCbCr format
 	if (!stbi__decode_jpeg_image(z)) {
@@ -4199,8 +4048,7 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 	// determine actual number of components to generate
 	n = req_comp ? req_comp : z->s->img_n >= 3 ? 3 : 1;
 
-	is_rgb = z->s->img_n == 3
-			 && (z->rgb == 3 || (z->app14_color_transform == 0 && !z->jfif));
+	is_rgb = z->s->img_n == 3 && (z->rgb == 3 || (z->app14_color_transform == 0 && !z->jfif));
 
 	if (z->s->img_n == 3 && n < 3 && !is_rgb) decode_n = 1;
 	else decode_n = z->s->img_n;
@@ -4240,12 +4088,9 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 			r->line0 = r->line1 = z->img_comp[k].data;
 
 			if (r->hs == 1 && r->vs == 1) r->resample = resample_row_1;
-			else if (r->hs == 1 && r->vs == 2)
-				r->resample = stbi__resample_row_v_2;
-			else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 1)
-				r->resample = stbi__resample_row_h_2;
-			else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 2)
-				r->resample = z->resample_row_hv_2_kernel;
+			else if (r->hs == 1 && r->vs == 2) r->resample = stbi__resample_row_v_2;
+			else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 1) r->resample = stbi__resample_row_h_2;
+			else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 2) r->resample = z->resample_row_hv_2_kernel;
 			else r->resample = stbi__resample_row_generic;
 		}
 
@@ -4262,14 +4107,12 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 			for (k = 0; k < decode_n; ++k) {
 				stbi__resample * r = &res_comp[k];
 				int y_bot = r->ystep >= (r->vs >> 1);
-				coutput[k] = r->resample(
-					z->img_comp[k].linebuf, y_bot ? r->line1 : r->line0,
-					y_bot ? r->line0 : r->line1, r->w_lores, r->hs);
+				coutput[k] = r->resample(z->img_comp[k].linebuf, y_bot ? r->line1 : r->line0,
+										 y_bot ? r->line0 : r->line1, r->w_lores, r->hs);
 				if (++r->ystep >= r->vs) {
 					r->ystep = 0;
 					r->line0 = r->line1;
-					if (++r->ypos < z->img_comp[k].y)
-						r->line1 += z->img_comp[k].w2;
+					if (++r->ypos < z->img_comp[k].y) r->line1 += z->img_comp[k].w2;
 				}
 			}
 			if (n >= 3) {
@@ -4284,8 +4127,7 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 							out += n;
 						}
 					} else {
-						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2],
-											   z->s->img_x, n);
+						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
 					}
 				} else if (z->s->img_n == 4) {
 					if (z->app14_color_transform == 0) { // CMYK
@@ -4298,8 +4140,7 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 							out += n;
 						}
 					} else if (z->app14_color_transform == 2) { // YCCK
-						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2],
-											   z->s->img_x, n);
+						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
 						for (i = 0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
 							stbi_uc m = coutput[3][i];
 							out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - out[0], m);
@@ -4308,8 +4149,7 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 							out += n;
 						}
 					} else { // YCbCr + alpha?  Ignore the fourth channel for now
-						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2],
-											   z->s->img_x, n);
+						z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
 					}
 				} else
 					for (i = 0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
@@ -4321,12 +4161,12 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 				if (is_rgb) {
 					if (n == 1)
 						for (i = 0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i)
-							*out++ = stbi__compute_y(
-								coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
+							*out++
+								= stbi__compute_y(coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
 					else {
 						for (i = 0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i, out += 2) {
-							out[0] = stbi__compute_y(
-								coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
+							out[0]
+								= stbi__compute_y(coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
 							out[1] = 255;
 						}
 					}
@@ -4342,8 +4182,7 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 					}
 				} else if (z->s->img_n == 4 && z->app14_color_transform == 2) {
 					for (i = 0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
-						out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - coutput[0][i],
-												 coutput[3][i]);
+						out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - coutput[0][i], coutput[3][i]);
 						out[1] = 255;
 						out += n;
 					}
@@ -4362,16 +4201,13 @@ static stbi_uc * load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg * z, int * out_x, int * out_y,
 		stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z);
 		*out_x = z->s->img_x;
 		*out_y = z->s->img_y;
-		if (comp)
-			*comp = z->s->img_n >= 3
-						? 3
-						: 1; // report original components, not output
+		if (comp) *comp = z->s->img_n >= 3 ? 3 : 1; // report original components, not output
 		return output;
 	}
 }
 
-static void * stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							  int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							  stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	unsigned char * result;
 	stbi__jpeg * j = (stbi__jpeg *) stbi__malloc(sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
 	if (!j) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
@@ -4460,8 +4296,7 @@ stbi_inline static int stbi__bit_reverse(int v, int bits) {
 	return stbi__bitreverse16(v) >> (16 - bits);
 }
 
-static int stbi__zbuild_huffman(stbi__zhuffman * z, const stbi_uc * sizelist,
-								int num) {
+static int stbi__zbuild_huffman(stbi__zhuffman * z, const stbi_uc * sizelist, int num) {
 	int i, k = 0;
 	int code, next_code[16], sizes[17];
 
@@ -4479,8 +4314,7 @@ static int stbi__zbuild_huffman(stbi__zhuffman * z, const stbi_uc * sizelist,
 		z->firstsymbol[i] = (stbi__uint16) k;
 		code = (code + sizes[i]);
 		if (sizes[i])
-			if (code - 1 >= (1 << i))
-				return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+			if (code - 1 >= (1 << i)) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
 		z->maxcode[i] = code << (16 - i); // preshift for inner loop
 		code <<= 1;
 		k += sizes[i];
@@ -4526,9 +4360,7 @@ typedef struct {
 	stbi__zhuffman z_length, z_distance;
 } stbi__zbuf;
 
-stbi_inline static int stbi__zeof(stbi__zbuf * z) {
-	return (z->zbuffer >= z->zbuffer_end);
-}
+stbi_inline static int stbi__zeof(stbi__zbuf * z) { return (z->zbuffer >= z->zbuffer_end); }
 
 stbi_inline static stbi_uc stbi__zget8(stbi__zbuf * z) {
 	return stbi__zeof(z) ? 0 : *z->zbuffer++;
@@ -4565,15 +4397,13 @@ static int stbi__zhuffman_decode_slowpath(stbi__zbuf * a, stbi__zhuffman * z) {
 	// code size is s, so:
 	b = (k >> (16 - s)) - z->firstcode[s] + z->firstsymbol[s];
 	if (b >= STBI__ZNSYMS) return -1; // some data was corrupt somewhere!
-	if (z->size[b] != s)
-		return -1; // was originally an assert, but report failure instead.
+	if (z->size[b] != s) return -1; // was originally an assert, but report failure instead.
 	a->code_buffer >>= s;
 	a->num_bits -= s;
 	return z->value[b];
 }
 
-stbi_inline static int stbi__zhuffman_decode(stbi__zbuf * a,
-											 stbi__zhuffman * z) {
+stbi_inline static int stbi__zhuffman_decode(stbi__zbuf * a, stbi__zhuffman * z) {
 	int b, s;
 	if (a->num_bits < 16) {
 		if (stbi__zeof(a)) {
@@ -4608,12 +4438,10 @@ static int stbi__zexpand(stbi__zbuf * z, char * zout,
 	char * q;
 	unsigned int cur, limit, old_limit;
 	z->zout = zout;
-	if (!z->z_expandable)
-		return stbi__err("output buffer limit", "Corrupt PNG");
+	if (!z->z_expandable) return stbi__err("output buffer limit", "Corrupt PNG");
 	cur = (unsigned int) (z->zout - z->zout_start);
 	limit = old_limit = (unsigned) (z->zout_end - z->zout_start);
-	if (UINT_MAX - cur < (unsigned) n)
-		return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+	if (UINT_MAX - cur < (unsigned) n) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 	while (cur + n > limit) {
 		if (limit > UINT_MAX / 2) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 		limit *= 2;
@@ -4631,18 +4459,16 @@ static const int stbi__zlength_base[31]
 	= {3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,	11,	 13,  15,  17,	19,	 23, 27, 31,
 	   35, 43, 51, 59, 67, 83, 99, 115, 131, 163, 195, 227, 258, 0,	 0};
 
-static const int stbi__zlength_extra[31]
-	= {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
-	   3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0};
+static const int stbi__zlength_extra[31] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+											3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0};
 
 static const int stbi__zdist_base[32]
 	= {1,	 2,	   3,	 4,	   5,	 7,		9,	   13,	  17,  25,	 33,
 	   49,	 65,   97,	 129,  193,	 257,	385,   513,	  769, 1025, 1537,
 	   2049, 3073, 4097, 6145, 8193, 12289, 16385, 24577, 0,   0};
 
-static const int stbi__zdist_extra[32]
-	= {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2,	3,	3,	4,	4,	5,	5,	6,
-	   6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 13};
+static const int stbi__zdist_extra[32] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2,  3,  3,  4,  4,  5,  5,  6,
+										  6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 13};
 
 static int stbi__parse_huffman_block(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 	char * zout = a->zout;
@@ -4677,18 +4503,15 @@ static int stbi__parse_huffman_block(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 					"Corrupt PNG"); // per DEFLATE, length codes 286 and 287 must not appear in compressed data
 			z -= 257;
 			len = stbi__zlength_base[z];
-			if (stbi__zlength_extra[z])
-				len += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zlength_extra[z]);
+			if (stbi__zlength_extra[z]) len += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zlength_extra[z]);
 			z = stbi__zhuffman_decode(a, &a->z_distance);
 			if (z < 0 || z >= 30)
 				return stbi__err(
 					"bad huffman code",
 					"Corrupt PNG"); // per DEFLATE, distance codes 30 and 31 must not appear in compressed data
 			dist = stbi__zdist_base[z];
-			if (stbi__zdist_extra[z])
-				dist += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zdist_extra[z]);
-			if (zout - a->zout_start < dist)
-				return stbi__err("bad dist", "Corrupt PNG");
+			if (stbi__zdist_extra[z]) dist += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zdist_extra[z]);
+			if (zout - a->zout_start < dist) return stbi__err("bad dist", "Corrupt PNG");
 			if (len > a->zout_end - zout) {
 				if (!stbi__zexpand(a, zout, len)) return 0;
 				zout = a->zout;
@@ -4733,8 +4556,7 @@ static int stbi__compute_huffman_codes(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 	n = 0;
 	while (n < ntot) {
 		int c = stbi__zhuffman_decode(a, &z_codelength);
-		if (c < 0 || c >= 19)
-			return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+		if (c < 0 || c >= 19) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
 		if (c < 16) lencodes[n++] = (stbi_uc) c;
 		else {
 			stbi_uc fill = 0;
@@ -4749,8 +4571,7 @@ static int stbi__compute_huffman_codes(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 			} else {
 				return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
 			}
-			if (ntot - n < c)
-				return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+			if (ntot - n < c) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
 			memset(lencodes + n, fill, c);
 			n += c;
 		}
@@ -4768,8 +4589,7 @@ static int stbi__parse_uncompressed_block(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 	// drain the bit-packed data into header
 	k = 0;
 	while (a->num_bits > 0) {
-		header[k++]
-			= (stbi_uc) (a->code_buffer & 255); // suppress MSVC run-time check
+		header[k++] = (stbi_uc) (a->code_buffer & 255); // suppress MSVC run-time check
 		a->code_buffer >>= 8;
 		a->num_bits -= 8;
 	}
@@ -4779,8 +4599,7 @@ static int stbi__parse_uncompressed_block(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 	len = header[1] * 256 + header[0];
 	nlen = header[3] * 256 + header[2];
 	if (nlen != (len ^ 0xffff)) return stbi__err("zlib corrupt", "Corrupt PNG");
-	if (a->zbuffer + len > a->zbuffer_end)
-		return stbi__err("read past buffer", "Corrupt PNG");
+	if (a->zbuffer + len > a->zbuffer_end) return stbi__err("read past buffer", "Corrupt PNG");
 	if (a->zout + len > a->zout_end)
 		if (!stbi__zexpand(a, a->zout, len)) return 0;
 	memcpy(a->zout, a->zbuffer, len);
@@ -4794,8 +4613,7 @@ static int stbi__parse_zlib_header(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 	int cm = cmf & 15;
 	/* int cinfo = cmf >> 4; */
 	int flg = stbi__zget8(a);
-	if (stbi__zeof(a))
-		return stbi__err("bad zlib header", "Corrupt PNG"); // zlib spec
+	if (stbi__zeof(a)) return stbi__err("bad zlib header", "Corrupt PNG"); // zlib spec
 	if ((cmf * 256 + flg) % 31 != 0)
 		return stbi__err("bad zlib header", "Corrupt PNG"); // zlib spec
 	if (flg & 32)
@@ -4809,18 +4627,16 @@ static int stbi__parse_zlib_header(stbi__zbuf * a) {
 }
 
 static const stbi_uc stbi__zdefault_length[STBI__ZNSYMS]
-	= {8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
-	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
-	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
-	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
-	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
-	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
-	   7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8};
+	= {8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+	   8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9,
+	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+	   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+	   7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8};
 static const stbi_uc stbi__zdefault_distance[32]
 	= {5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
 	   5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5};
@@ -4854,11 +4670,9 @@ static int stbi__parse_zlib(stbi__zbuf * a, int parse_header) {
 		} else {
 			if (type == 1) {
 				// use fixed code lengths
-				if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_length, stbi__zdefault_length,
-										  STBI__ZNSYMS))
+				if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_length, stbi__zdefault_length, STBI__ZNSYMS))
 					return 0;
-				if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_distance,
-										  stbi__zdefault_distance, 32))
+				if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_distance, stbi__zdefault_distance, 32))
 					return 0;
 			} else {
 				if (!stbi__compute_huffman_codes(a)) return 0;
@@ -4869,8 +4683,7 @@ static int stbi__parse_zlib(stbi__zbuf * a, int parse_header) {
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int stbi__do_zlib(stbi__zbuf * a, char * obuf, int olen, int exp,
-						 int parse_header) {
+static int stbi__do_zlib(stbi__zbuf * a, char * obuf, int olen, int exp, int parse_header) {
 	a->zout_start = obuf;
 	a->zout = obuf;
 	a->zout_end = obuf + olen;
@@ -4880,8 +4693,7 @@ static int stbi__do_zlib(stbi__zbuf * a, char * obuf, int olen, int exp,
 }
 
 STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(const char * buffer, int len,
-												 int initial_size,
-												 int * outlen) {
+												 int initial_size, int * outlen) {
 	stbi__zbuf a;
 	char * p = (char *) stbi__malloc(initial_size);
 	if (p == NULL) return NULL;
@@ -4896,15 +4708,12 @@ STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(const char * buffer, int len,
 	}
 }
 
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(char const * buffer, int len,
-									   int * outlen) {
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(char const * buffer, int len, int * outlen) {
 	return stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(buffer, len, 16384, outlen);
 }
 
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char * buffer,
-															int len,
-															int initial_size,
-															int * outlen,
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char * buffer, int len,
+															int initial_size, int * outlen,
 															int parse_header) {
 	stbi__zbuf a;
 	char * p = (char *) stbi__malloc(initial_size);
@@ -4920,18 +4729,15 @@ STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char * buffer,
 	}
 }
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
-									char const * ibuffer, int ilen) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen, char const * ibuffer, int ilen) {
 	stbi__zbuf a;
 	a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer;
 	a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer + ilen;
-	if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 1))
-		return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+	if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 1)) return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
 	else return -1;
 }
 
-STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(char const * buffer, int len,
-												int * outlen) {
+STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(char const * buffer, int len, int * outlen) {
 	stbi__zbuf a;
 	char * p = (char *) stbi__malloc(16384);
 	if (p == NULL) return NULL;
@@ -4946,13 +4752,12 @@ STBIDEF char * stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(char const * buffer, int len,
 	}
 }
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen,
-											 const char * ibuffer, int ilen) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char * obuffer, int olen, const char * ibuffer,
+											 int ilen) {
 	stbi__zbuf a;
 	a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer;
 	a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer + ilen;
-	if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 0))
-		return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+	if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 0)) return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
 	else return -1;
 }
 #endif
@@ -4984,8 +4789,7 @@ static int stbi__check_png_header(stbi__context * s) {
 	static const stbi_uc png_sig[8] = {137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10};
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
-		if (stbi__get8(s) != png_sig[i])
-			return stbi__err("bad png sig", "Not a PNG");
+		if (stbi__get8(s) != png_sig[i]) return stbi__err("bad png sig", "Not a PNG");
 	return 1;
 }
 
@@ -5022,14 +4826,13 @@ static int stbi__paeth(int a, int b, int c) {
 	return t1;
 }
 
-static const stbi_uc stbi__depth_scale_table[9]
-	= {0, 0xff, 0x55, 0, 0x11, 0, 0, 0, 0x01};
+static const stbi_uc stbi__depth_scale_table[9] = {0, 0xff, 0x55, 0, 0x11, 0, 0, 0, 0x01};
 
 // adds an extra all-255 alpha channel
 // dest == src is legal
 // img_n must be 1 or 3
-static void stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(stbi_uc * dest, stbi_uc * src,
-										   stbi__uint32 x, int img_n) {
+static void stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(stbi_uc * dest, stbi_uc * src, stbi__uint32 x,
+										   int img_n) {
 	int i;
 	// must process data backwards since we allow dest==src
 	if (img_n == 1) {
@@ -5049,9 +4852,8 @@ static void stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(stbi_uc * dest, stbi_uc * src,
 }
 
 // create the png data from post-deflated data
-static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
-									  stbi__uint32 raw_len, int out_n,
-									  stbi__uint32 x, stbi__uint32 y, int depth,
+static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw, stbi__uint32 raw_len,
+									  int out_n, stbi__uint32 x, stbi__uint32 y, int depth,
 									  int color) {
 	int bytes = (depth == 16 ? 2 : 1);
 	stbi__context * s = a->s;
@@ -5067,8 +4869,8 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
 	int width = x;
 
 	STBI_ASSERT(out_n == s->img_n || out_n == s->img_n + 1);
-	a->out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(
-		x, y, output_bytes, 0); // extra bytes to write off the end into
+	a->out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(x, y, output_bytes,
+										   0); // extra bytes to write off the end into
 	if (!a->out) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 
 	// note: error exits here don't need to clean up a->out individually,
@@ -5123,32 +4925,28 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
 					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + cur[k - filter_bytes]);
 				break;
 			case STBI__F_up:
-				for (k = 0; k < nk; ++k)
-					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + prior[k]);
+				for (k = 0; k < nk; ++k) cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + prior[k]);
 				break;
 			case STBI__F_avg:
 				for (k = 0; k < filter_bytes; ++k)
 					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + (prior[k] >> 1));
 				for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
-					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						raw[k] + ((prior[k] + cur[k - filter_bytes]) >> 1));
+					cur[k]
+						= STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + ((prior[k] + cur[k - filter_bytes]) >> 1));
 				break;
 			case STBI__F_paeth:
 				for (k = 0; k < filter_bytes; ++k)
 					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						raw[k]
-						+ prior[k]); // prior[k] == stbi__paeth(0,prior[k],0)
+						raw[k] + prior[k]); // prior[k] == stbi__paeth(0,prior[k],0)
 				for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
-					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						raw[k]
-						+ stbi__paeth(cur[k - filter_bytes], prior[k],
-									  prior[k - filter_bytes]));
+					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k]
+											+ stbi__paeth(cur[k - filter_bytes], prior[k],
+														  prior[k - filter_bytes]));
 				break;
 			case STBI__F_avg_first:
 				memcpy(cur, raw, filter_bytes);
 				for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
-					cur[k]
-						= STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + (cur[k - filter_bytes] >> 1));
+					cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + (cur[k - filter_bytes] >> 1));
 				break;
 		}
 
@@ -5156,9 +4954,8 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
 
 		// expand decoded bits in cur to dest, also adding an extra alpha channel if desired
 		if (depth < 8) {
-			stbi_uc scale = (color == 0)
-								? stbi__depth_scale_table[depth]
-								: 1; // scale grayscale values to 0..255 range
+			stbi_uc scale = (color == 0) ? stbi__depth_scale_table[depth]
+										 : 1; // scale grayscale values to 0..255 range
 			stbi_uc * in = cur;
 			stbi_uc * out = dest;
 			stbi_uc inb = 0;
@@ -5187,8 +4984,7 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
 			}
 
 			// insert alpha=255 values if desired
-			if (img_n != out_n)
-				stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(dest, dest, x, img_n);
+			if (img_n != out_n) stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(dest, dest, x, img_n);
 		} else if (depth == 8) {
 			if (img_n == out_n) memcpy(dest, cur, x * img_n);
 			else stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(dest, cur, x, img_n);
@@ -5227,20 +5023,18 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * raw,
 }
 
 static int stbi__create_png_image(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * image_data,
-								  stbi__uint32 image_data_len, int out_n,
-								  int depth, int color, int interlaced) {
+								  stbi__uint32 image_data_len, int out_n, int depth, int color,
+								  int interlaced) {
 	int bytes = (depth == 16 ? 2 : 1);
 	int out_bytes = out_n * bytes;
 	stbi_uc * final;
 	int p;
 	if (!interlaced)
-		return stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len, out_n,
-										  a->s->img_x, a->s->img_y, depth,
-										  color);
+		return stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len, out_n, a->s->img_x,
+										  a->s->img_y, depth, color);
 
 	// de-interlacing
-	final
-		= (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(a->s->img_x, a->s->img_y, out_bytes, 0);
+	final = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(a->s->img_x, a->s->img_y, out_bytes, 0);
 	if (!final) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 	for (p = 0; p < 7; ++p) {
 		int xorig[] = {0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0};
@@ -5252,10 +5046,9 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * image_data,
 		x = (a->s->img_x - xorig[p] + xspc[p] - 1) / xspc[p];
 		y = (a->s->img_y - yorig[p] + yspc[p] - 1) / yspc[p];
 		if (x && y) {
-			stbi__uint32 img_len
-				= ((((a->s->img_n * x * depth) + 7) >> 3) + 1) * y;
-			if (!stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len,
-											out_n, x, y, depth, color)) {
+			stbi__uint32 img_len = ((((a->s->img_n * x * depth) + 7) >> 3) + 1) * y;
+			if (!stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len, out_n, x, y, depth,
+											color)) {
 				STBI_FREE(final);
 				return 0;
 			}
@@ -5263,8 +5056,7 @@ static int stbi__create_png_image(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * image_data,
 				for (i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
 					int out_y = j * yspc[p] + yorig[p];
 					int out_x = i * xspc[p] + xorig[p];
-					memcpy(final + out_y * a->s->img_x * out_bytes
-							   + out_x * out_bytes,
+					memcpy(final + out_y * a->s->img_x * out_bytes + out_x * out_bytes,
 						   a->out + (j * x + i) * out_bytes, out_bytes);
 				}
 			}
@@ -5301,8 +5093,7 @@ static int stbi__compute_transparency(stbi__png * z, stbi_uc tc[3], int out_n) {
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int stbi__compute_transparency16(stbi__png * z, stbi__uint16 tc[3],
-										int out_n) {
+static int stbi__compute_transparency16(stbi__png * z, stbi__uint16 tc[3], int out_n) {
 	stbi__context * s = z->s;
 	stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = s->img_x * s->img_y;
 	stbi__uint16 * p = (stbi__uint16 *) z->out;
@@ -5325,8 +5116,7 @@ static int stbi__compute_transparency16(stbi__png * z, stbi__uint16 tc[3],
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int stbi__expand_png_palette(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * palette, int len,
-									int pal_img_n) {
+static int stbi__expand_png_palette(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * palette, int len, int pal_img_n) {
 	stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = a->s->img_x * a->s->img_y;
 	stbi_uc *p, *temp_out, *orig = a->out;
 
@@ -5365,8 +5155,7 @@ static int stbi__expand_png_palette(stbi__png * a, stbi_uc * palette, int len,
 static int stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global = 0;
 static int stbi__de_iphone_flag_global = 0;
 
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply) {
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply) {
 	stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global = flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply;
 }
 
@@ -5380,17 +5169,14 @@ STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb(int flag_true_if_should_convert) {
 #else
 static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local,
 	stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set;
-static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__de_iphone_flag_local,
-	stbi__de_iphone_flag_set;
+static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__de_iphone_flag_local, stbi__de_iphone_flag_set;
 
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply) {
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply) {
 	stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local = flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply;
 	stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set = 1;
 }
 
-STBIDEF void
-stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert) {
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert) {
 	stbi__de_iphone_flag_local = flag_true_if_should_convert;
 	stbi__de_iphone_flag_set = 1;
 }
@@ -5399,8 +5185,7 @@ stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert) {
 	(stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set ? stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local \
 									 : stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global)
 #define stbi__de_iphone_flag \
-	(stbi__de_iphone_flag_set ? stbi__de_iphone_flag_local \
-							  : stbi__de_iphone_flag_global)
+	(stbi__de_iphone_flag_set ? stbi__de_iphone_flag_local : stbi__de_iphone_flag_global)
 #endif // STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
 
 static void stbi__de_iphone(stbi__png * z) {
@@ -5446,8 +5231,7 @@ static void stbi__de_iphone(stbi__png * z) {
 }
 
 #define STBI__PNG_TYPE(a, b, c, d) \
-	(((unsigned) (a) << 24) + ((unsigned) (b) << 16) + ((unsigned) (c) << 8) \
-	 + (unsigned) (d))
+	(((unsigned) (a) << 24) + ((unsigned) (b) << 16) + ((unsigned) (c) << 8) + (unsigned) (d))
 
 static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 	stbi_uc palette[1024], pal_img_n = 0;
@@ -5476,43 +5260,34 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 				int comp, filter;
 				if (!first) return stbi__err("multiple IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
 				first = 0;
-				if (c.length != 13)
-					return stbi__err("bad IHDR len", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (c.length != 13) return stbi__err("bad IHDR len", "Corrupt PNG");
 				s->img_x = stbi__get32be(s);
 				s->img_y = stbi__get32be(s);
 				if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
-					return stbi__err("too large",
-									 "Very large image (corrupt?)");
+					return stbi__err("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 				if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
-					return stbi__err("too large",
-									 "Very large image (corrupt?)");
+					return stbi__err("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 				z->depth = stbi__get8(s);
-				if (z->depth != 1 && z->depth != 2 && z->depth != 4
-					&& z->depth != 8 && z->depth != 16)
+				if (z->depth != 1 && z->depth != 2 && z->depth != 4 && z->depth != 8
+					&& z->depth != 16)
 					return stbi__err("1/2/4/8/16-bit only",
 									 "PNG not supported: 1/2/4/8/16-bit only");
 				color = stbi__get8(s);
 				if (color > 6) return stbi__err("bad ctype", "Corrupt PNG");
-				if (color == 3 && z->depth == 16)
-					return stbi__err("bad ctype", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (color == 3 && z->depth == 16) return stbi__err("bad ctype", "Corrupt PNG");
 				if (color == 3) pal_img_n = 3;
-				else if (color & 1)
-					return stbi__err("bad ctype", "Corrupt PNG");
+				else if (color & 1) return stbi__err("bad ctype", "Corrupt PNG");
 				comp = stbi__get8(s);
 				if (comp) return stbi__err("bad comp method", "Corrupt PNG");
 				filter = stbi__get8(s);
-				if (filter)
-					return stbi__err("bad filter method", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (filter) return stbi__err("bad filter method", "Corrupt PNG");
 				interlace = stbi__get8(s);
-				if (interlace > 1)
-					return stbi__err("bad interlace method", "Corrupt PNG");
-				if (!s->img_x || !s->img_y)
-					return stbi__err("0-pixel image", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (interlace > 1) return stbi__err("bad interlace method", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (!s->img_x || !s->img_y) return stbi__err("0-pixel image", "Corrupt PNG");
 				if (!pal_img_n) {
 					s->img_n = (color & 2 ? 3 : 1) + (color & 4 ? 1 : 0);
 					if ((1 << 30) / s->img_x / s->img_n < s->img_y)
-						return stbi__err("too large",
-										 "Image too large to decode");
+						return stbi__err("too large", "Image too large to decode");
 				} else {
 					// if paletted, then pal_n is our final components, and
 					// img_n is # components to decompress/filter.
@@ -5526,11 +5301,9 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 
 			case STBI__PNG_TYPE('P', 'L', 'T', 'E'): {
 				if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
-				if (c.length > 256 * 3)
-					return stbi__err("invalid PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (c.length > 256 * 3) return stbi__err("invalid PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
 				pal_len = c.length / 3;
-				if (pal_len * 3 != c.length)
-					return stbi__err("invalid PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (pal_len * 3 != c.length) return stbi__err("invalid PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
 				for (i = 0; i < pal_len; ++i) {
 					palette[i * 4 + 0] = stbi__get8(s);
 					palette[i * 4 + 1] = stbi__get8(s);
@@ -5542,23 +5315,18 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 
 			case STBI__PNG_TYPE('t', 'R', 'N', 'S'): {
 				if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
-				if (z->idata)
-					return stbi__err("tRNS after IDAT", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (z->idata) return stbi__err("tRNS after IDAT", "Corrupt PNG");
 				if (pal_img_n) {
 					if (scan == STBI__SCAN_header) {
 						s->img_n = 4;
 						return 1;
 					}
-					if (pal_len == 0)
-						return stbi__err("tRNS before PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
-					if (c.length > pal_len)
-						return stbi__err("bad tRNS len", "Corrupt PNG");
+					if (pal_len == 0) return stbi__err("tRNS before PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
+					if (c.length > pal_len) return stbi__err("bad tRNS len", "Corrupt PNG");
 					pal_img_n = 4;
-					for (i = 0; i < c.length; ++i)
-						palette[i * 4 + 3] = stbi__get8(s);
+					for (i = 0; i < c.length; ++i) palette[i * 4 + 3] = stbi__get8(s);
 				} else {
-					if (!(s->img_n & 1))
-						return stbi__err("tRNS with alpha", "Corrupt PNG");
+					if (!(s->img_n & 1)) return stbi__err("tRNS with alpha", "Corrupt PNG");
 					if (c.length != (stbi__uint32) s->img_n * 2)
 						return stbi__err("bad tRNS len", "Corrupt PNG");
 					has_trans = 1;
@@ -5569,14 +5337,12 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 					}
 					if (z->depth == 16) {
 						for (k = 0; k < s->img_n; ++k)
-							tc16[k] = (stbi__uint16) stbi__get16be(
-								s); // copy the values as-is
+							tc16[k] = (stbi__uint16) stbi__get16be(s); // copy the values as-is
 					} else {
 						for (k = 0; k < s->img_n; ++k)
-							tc[k]
-								= (stbi_uc) (stbi__get16be(s) & 255)
-								  * stbi__depth_scale_table
-									  [z->depth]; // non 8-bit images will be larger
+							tc[k] = (stbi_uc) (stbi__get16be(s) & 255)
+									* stbi__depth_scale_table
+										[z->depth]; // non 8-bit images will be larger
 					}
 				}
 				break;
@@ -5584,28 +5350,23 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 
 			case STBI__PNG_TYPE('I', 'D', 'A', 'T'): {
 				if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
-				if (pal_img_n && !pal_len)
-					return stbi__err("no PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (pal_img_n && !pal_len) return stbi__err("no PLTE", "Corrupt PNG");
 				if (scan == STBI__SCAN_header) {
 					// header scan definitely stops at first IDAT
 					if (pal_img_n) s->img_n = pal_img_n;
 					return 1;
 				}
 				if (c.length > (1u << 30))
-					return stbi__err("IDAT size limit",
-									 "IDAT section larger than 2^30 bytes");
+					return stbi__err("IDAT size limit", "IDAT section larger than 2^30 bytes");
 				if ((int) (ioff + c.length) < (int) ioff) return 0;
 				if (ioff + c.length > idata_limit) {
 					stbi__uint32 idata_limit_old = idata_limit;
 					stbi_uc * p;
-					if (idata_limit == 0)
-						idata_limit = c.length > 4096 ? c.length : 4096;
+					if (idata_limit == 0) idata_limit = c.length > 4096 ? c.length : 4096;
 					while (ioff + c.length > idata_limit) idata_limit *= 2;
 					STBI_NOTUSED(idata_limit_old);
-					p = (stbi_uc *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(
-						z->idata, idata_limit_old, idata_limit);
-					if (p == NULL)
-						return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+					p = (stbi_uc *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(z->idata, idata_limit_old, idata_limit);
+					if (p == NULL) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 					z->idata = p;
 				}
 				if (!stbi__getn(s, z->idata + ioff, c.length))
@@ -5618,48 +5379,36 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 				stbi__uint32 raw_len, bpl;
 				if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
 				if (scan != STBI__SCAN_load) return 1;
-				if (z->idata == NULL)
-					return stbi__err("no IDAT", "Corrupt PNG");
+				if (z->idata == NULL) return stbi__err("no IDAT", "Corrupt PNG");
 				// initial guess for decoded data size to avoid unnecessary reallocs
-				bpl = (s->img_x * z->depth + 7)
-					  / 8; // bytes per line, per component
+				bpl = (s->img_x * z->depth + 7) / 8; // bytes per line, per component
 				raw_len = bpl * s->img_y * s->img_n /* pixels */
 						  + s->img_y /* filter mode per row */;
-				z->expanded
-					= (stbi_uc *) stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(
-						(char *) z->idata, ioff, raw_len, (int *) &raw_len,
-						!is_iphone);
+				z->expanded = (stbi_uc *) stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(
+					(char *) z->idata, ioff, raw_len, (int *) &raw_len, !is_iphone);
 				if (z->expanded == NULL) return 0; // zlib should set error
 				STBI_FREE(z->idata);
 				z->idata = NULL;
-				if ((req_comp == s->img_n + 1 && req_comp != 3 && !pal_img_n)
-					|| has_trans)
+				if ((req_comp == s->img_n + 1 && req_comp != 3 && !pal_img_n) || has_trans)
 					s->img_out_n = s->img_n + 1;
 				else s->img_out_n = s->img_n;
-				if (!stbi__create_png_image(z, z->expanded, raw_len,
-											s->img_out_n, z->depth, color,
-											interlace))
+				if (!stbi__create_png_image(z, z->expanded, raw_len, s->img_out_n, z->depth,
+											color, interlace))
 					return 0;
 				if (has_trans) {
 					if (z->depth == 16) {
-						if (!stbi__compute_transparency16(z, tc16,
-														  s->img_out_n))
-							return 0;
+						if (!stbi__compute_transparency16(z, tc16, s->img_out_n)) return 0;
 					} else {
-						if (!stbi__compute_transparency(z, tc, s->img_out_n))
-							return 0;
+						if (!stbi__compute_transparency(z, tc, s->img_out_n)) return 0;
 					}
 				}
-				if (is_iphone && stbi__de_iphone_flag && s->img_out_n > 2)
-					stbi__de_iphone(z);
+				if (is_iphone && stbi__de_iphone_flag && s->img_out_n > 2) stbi__de_iphone(z);
 				if (pal_img_n) {
 					// pal_img_n == 3 or 4
 					s->img_n = pal_img_n; // record the actual colors we had
 					s->img_out_n = pal_img_n;
 					if (req_comp >= 3) s->img_out_n = req_comp;
-					if (!stbi__expand_png_palette(z, palette, pal_len,
-												  s->img_out_n))
-						return 0;
+					if (!stbi__expand_png_palette(z, palette, pal_len, s->img_out_n)) return 0;
 				} else if (has_trans) {
 					// non-paletted image with tRNS -> source image has (constant) alpha
 					++s->img_n;
@@ -5683,9 +5432,8 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 					invalid_chunk[2] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >> 8);
 					invalid_chunk[3] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >> 0);
 #endif
-					return stbi__err(
-						invalid_chunk,
-						"PNG not supported: unknown PNG chunk type");
+					return stbi__err(invalid_chunk,
+									 "PNG not supported: unknown PNG chunk type");
 				}
 				stbi__skip(s, c.length);
 				break;
@@ -5695,11 +5443,10 @@ static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png * z, int scan, int req_comp) {
 	}
 }
 
-static void * stbi__do_png(stbi__png * p, int * x, int * y, int * n,
-						   int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__do_png(stbi__png * p, int * x, int * y, int * n, int req_comp,
+						   stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	void * result = NULL;
-	if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4)
-		return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
+	if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4) return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
 	if (stbi__parse_png_file(p, STBI__SCAN_load, req_comp)) {
 		if (p->depth <= 8) ri->bits_per_channel = 8;
 		else if (p->depth == 16) ri->bits_per_channel = 16;
@@ -5710,13 +5457,11 @@ static void * stbi__do_png(stbi__png * p, int * x, int * y, int * n,
 		p->out = NULL;
 		if (req_comp && req_comp != p->s->img_out_n) {
 			if (ri->bits_per_channel == 8)
-				result = stbi__convert_format((unsigned char *) result,
-											  p->s->img_out_n, req_comp,
-											  p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
+				result = stbi__convert_format((unsigned char *) result, p->s->img_out_n,
+											  req_comp, p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
 			else
-				result = stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) result,
-												p->s->img_out_n, req_comp,
-												p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
+				result = stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) result, p->s->img_out_n,
+												req_comp, p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
 			p->s->img_out_n = req_comp;
 			if (result == NULL) return result;
 		}
@@ -5734,8 +5479,8 @@ static void * stbi__do_png(stbi__png * p, int * x, int * y, int * n,
 	return result;
 }
 
-static void * stbi__png_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__png_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	stbi__png p;
 	p.s = s;
 	return stbi__do_png(&p, x, y, comp, req_comp, ri);
@@ -5926,8 +5671,8 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_parse_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__bmp_data * info) {
 								"BMP type not supported: unsupported "
 								"compression"); // this includes PNG/JPEG modes
 		if (compress == 3 && info->bpp != 16 && info->bpp != 32)
-			return stbi__errpuc(
-				"bad BMP", "bad BMP"); // bitfields requires 16 or 32 bits/pixel
+			return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP",
+								"bad BMP"); // bitfields requires 16 or 32 bits/pixel
 		stbi__get32le(s); // discard sizeof
 		stbi__get32le(s); // discard hres
 		stbi__get32le(s); // discard vres
@@ -5958,18 +5703,15 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_parse_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__bmp_data * info) {
 		} else {
 			// V4/V5 header
 			int i;
-			if (hsz != 108 && hsz != 124)
-				return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+			if (hsz != 108 && hsz != 124) return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
 			info->mr = stbi__get32le(s);
 			info->mg = stbi__get32le(s);
 			info->mb = stbi__get32le(s);
 			info->ma = stbi__get32le(s);
-			if (compress
-				!= 3) // override mr/mg/mb unless in BI_BITFIELDS mode, as per docs
+			if (compress != 3) // override mr/mg/mb unless in BI_BITFIELDS mode, as per docs
 				stbi__bmp_set_mask_defaults(info, compress);
 			stbi__get32le(s); // discard color space
-			for (i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
-				stbi__get32le(s); // discard color space parameters
+			for (i = 0; i < 12; ++i) stbi__get32le(s); // discard color space parameters
 			if (hsz == 124) {
 				stbi__get32le(s); // discard rendering intent
 				stbi__get32le(s); // discard offset of profile data
@@ -5981,8 +5723,8 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_parse_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__bmp_data * info) {
 	return (void *) 1;
 }
 
-static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	stbi_uc * out;
 	unsigned int mr = 0, mg = 0, mb = 0, ma = 0, all_a;
 	stbi_uc pal[256][4];
@@ -5992,8 +5734,7 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
 
 	info.all_a = 255;
-	if (stbi__bmp_parse_header(s, &info) == NULL)
-		return NULL; // error code already set
+	if (stbi__bmp_parse_header(s, &info) == NULL) return NULL; // error code already set
 
 	flip_vertically = ((int) s->img_y) > 0;
 	s->img_y = abs((int) s->img_y);
@@ -6012,17 +5753,14 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	if (info.hsz == 12) {
 		if (info.bpp < 24) psize = (info.offset - info.extra_read - 24) / 3;
 	} else {
-		if (info.bpp < 16)
-			psize = (info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz) >> 2;
+		if (info.bpp < 16) psize = (info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz) >> 2;
 	}
 	if (psize == 0) {
 		// accept some number of extra bytes after the header, but if the offset points either to before
 		// the header ends or implies a large amount of extra data, reject the file as malformed
 		int bytes_read_so_far
-			= s->callback_already_read
-			  + (int) (s->img_buffer - s->img_buffer_original);
-		int header_limit
-			= 1024; // max we actually read is below 256 bytes currently.
+			= s->callback_already_read + (int) (s->img_buffer - s->img_buffer_original);
+		int header_limit = 1024; // max we actually read is below 256 bytes currently.
 		int extra_data_limit
 			= 256
 			  * 4; // what ordinarily goes here is a palette; 256 entries*4 bytes is its max size.
@@ -6116,8 +5854,8 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		int rshift = 0, gshift = 0, bshift = 0, ashift = 0, rcount = 0,
-			gcount = 0, bcount = 0, acount = 0;
+		int rshift = 0, gshift = 0, bshift = 0, ashift = 0, rcount = 0, gcount = 0, bcount = 0,
+			acount = 0;
 		int z = 0;
 		int easy = 0;
 		stbi__skip(s, info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz);
@@ -6128,9 +5866,7 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 		if (info.bpp == 24) {
 			easy = 1;
 		} else if (info.bpp == 32) {
-			if (mb == 0xff && mg == 0xff00 && mr == 0x00ff0000
-				&& ma == 0xff000000)
-				easy = 2;
+			if (mb == 0xff && mg == 0xff00 && mr == 0x00ff0000 && ma == 0xff000000) easy = 2;
 		}
 		if (!easy) {
 			if (!mr || !mg || !mb) {
@@ -6167,15 +5903,11 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 				int bpp = info.bpp;
 				for (i = 0; i < (int) s->img_x; ++i) {
 					stbi__uint32 v
-						= (bpp == 16 ? (stbi__uint32) stbi__get16le(s)
-									 : stbi__get32le(s));
+						= (bpp == 16 ? (stbi__uint32) stbi__get16le(s) : stbi__get32le(s));
 					unsigned int a;
-					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						stbi__shiftsigned(v & mr, rshift, rcount));
-					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						stbi__shiftsigned(v & mg, gshift, gcount));
-					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(
-						stbi__shiftsigned(v & mb, bshift, bcount));
+					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mr, rshift, rcount));
+					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mg, gshift, gcount));
+					out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mb, bshift, bcount));
 					a = (ma ? stbi__shiftsigned(v & ma, ashift, acount) : 255);
 					all_a |= a;
 					if (target == 4) out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(a);
@@ -6204,8 +5936,7 @@ static void * stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 
 	if (req_comp && req_comp != target) {
 		out = stbi__convert_format(out, target, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
-		if (out == NULL)
-			return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+		if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
 	}
 
 	*x = s->img_x;
@@ -6240,8 +5971,7 @@ static int stbi__tga_get_comp(int bits_per_pixel, int is_grey, int * is_rgb16) {
 }
 
 static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
-	int tga_w, tga_h, tga_comp, tga_image_type, tga_bits_per_pixel,
-		tga_colormap_bpp;
+	int tga_w, tga_h, tga_comp, tga_image_type, tga_bits_per_pixel, tga_colormap_bpp;
 	int sz, tga_colormap_type;
 	stbi__get8(s); // discard Offset
 	tga_colormap_type = stbi__get8(s); // colormap type
@@ -6255,8 +5985,7 @@ static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
 			stbi__rewind(s);
 			return 0;
 		}
-		stbi__skip(
-			s, 4); // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
+		stbi__skip(s, 4); // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
 		sz = stbi__get8(s); //   check bits per palette color entry
 		if ((sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32)) {
 			stbi__rewind(s);
@@ -6265,8 +5994,8 @@ static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
 		stbi__skip(s, 4); // skip image x and y origin
 		tga_colormap_bpp = sz;
 	} else { // "normal" image w/o colormap - only RGB or grey allowed, +/- RLE
-		if ((tga_image_type != 2) && (tga_image_type != 3)
-			&& (tga_image_type != 10) && (tga_image_type != 11)) {
+		if ((tga_image_type != 2) && (tga_image_type != 3) && (tga_image_type != 10)
+			&& (tga_image_type != 11)) {
 			stbi__rewind(s);
 			return 0; // only RGB or grey allowed, +/- RLE
 		}
@@ -6294,9 +6023,8 @@ static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
 		}
 		tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_colormap_bpp, 0, NULL);
 	} else {
-		tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(
-			tga_bits_per_pixel, (tga_image_type == 3) || (tga_image_type == 11),
-			NULL);
+		tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_bits_per_pixel,
+									  (tga_image_type == 3) || (tga_image_type == 11), NULL);
 	}
 	if (!tga_comp) {
 		stbi__rewind(s);
@@ -6316,13 +6044,10 @@ static int stbi__tga_test(stbi__context * s) {
 	if (tga_color_type > 1) goto errorEnd; //   only RGB or indexed allowed
 	sz = stbi__get8(s); //   image type
 	if (tga_color_type == 1) { // colormapped (paletted) image
-		if (sz != 1 && sz != 9)
-			goto errorEnd; // colortype 1 demands image type 1 or 9
-		stbi__skip(
-			s, 4); // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
+		if (sz != 1 && sz != 9) goto errorEnd; // colortype 1 demands image type 1 or 9
+		stbi__skip(s, 4); // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
 		sz = stbi__get8(s); //   check bits per palette color entry
-		if ((sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32))
-			goto errorEnd;
+		if ((sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32)) goto errorEnd;
 		stbi__skip(s, 4); // skip image x and y origin
 	} else { // "normal" image w/o colormap
 		if ((sz != 2) && (sz != 3) && (sz != 10) && (sz != 11))
@@ -6334,8 +6059,7 @@ static int stbi__tga_test(stbi__context * s) {
 	sz = stbi__get8(s); //   bits per pixel
 	if ((tga_color_type == 1) && (sz != 8) && (sz != 16))
 		goto errorEnd; // for colormapped images, bpp is size of an index
-	if ((sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32))
-		goto errorEnd;
+	if ((sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32)) goto errorEnd;
 
 	res = 1; // if we got this far, everything's good and we can return 1 instead of 0
 
@@ -6363,8 +6087,8 @@ static void stbi__tga_read_rgb16(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc * out) {
 	// so let's treat all 15 and 16bit TGAs as RGB with no alpha.
 }
 
-static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	//   read in the TGA header stuff
 	int tga_offset = stbi__get8(s);
 	int tga_indexed = stbi__get8(s);
@@ -6406,11 +6130,8 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	tga_inverted = 1 - ((tga_inverted >> 5) & 1);
 
 	//   If I'm paletted, then I'll use the number of bits from the palette
-	if (tga_indexed)
-		tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_palette_bits, 0, &tga_rgb16);
-	else
-		tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_bits_per_pixel, (tga_image_type == 3),
-									  &tga_rgb16);
+	if (tga_indexed) tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_palette_bits, 0, &tga_rgb16);
+	else tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_bits_per_pixel, (tga_image_type == 3), &tga_rgb16);
 
 	if (!tga_comp) // shouldn't really happen, stbi__tga_test() should have ensured basic consistency
 		return stbi__errpuc("bad format", "Can't find out TGA pixelformat");
@@ -6423,8 +6144,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(tga_width, tga_height, tga_comp, 0))
 		return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt TGA");
 
-	tga_data = (unsigned char *) stbi__malloc_mad3(tga_width, tga_height,
-												   tga_comp, 0);
+	tga_data = (unsigned char *) stbi__malloc_mad3(tga_width, tga_height, tga_comp, 0);
 	if (!tga_data) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 
 	// skip to the data's starting position (offset usually = 0)
@@ -6439,8 +6159,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	} else {
 		//   do I need to load a palette?
 		if (tga_indexed) {
-			if (tga_palette_len
-				== 0) { /* you have to have at least one entry! */
+			if (tga_palette_len == 0) { /* you have to have at least one entry! */
 				STBI_FREE(tga_data);
 				return stbi__errpuc("bad palette", "Corrupt TGA");
 			}
@@ -6448,8 +6167,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 			//   any data to skip? (offset usually = 0)
 			stbi__skip(s, tga_palette_start);
 			//   load the palette
-			tga_palette = (unsigned char *) stbi__malloc_mad2(tga_palette_len,
-															  tga_comp, 0);
+			tga_palette = (unsigned char *) stbi__malloc_mad2(tga_palette_len, tga_comp, 0);
 			if (!tga_palette) {
 				STBI_FREE(tga_data);
 				return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
@@ -6461,8 +6179,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 					stbi__tga_read_rgb16(s, pal_entry);
 					pal_entry += tga_comp;
 				}
-			} else if (!stbi__getn(s, tga_palette,
-								   tga_palette_len * tga_comp)) {
+			} else if (!stbi__getn(s, tga_palette, tga_palette_len * tga_comp)) {
 				STBI_FREE(tga_data);
 				STBI_FREE(tga_palette);
 				return stbi__errpuc("bad palette", "Corrupt TGA");
@@ -6489,8 +6206,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 				//   load however much data we did have
 				if (tga_indexed) {
 					// read in index, then perform the lookup
-					int pal_idx = (tga_bits_per_pixel == 8) ? stbi__get8(s)
-															: stbi__get16le(s);
+					int pal_idx = (tga_bits_per_pixel == 8) ? stbi__get8(s) : stbi__get16le(s);
 					if (pal_idx >= tga_palette_len) {
 						// invalid index
 						pal_idx = 0;
@@ -6513,8 +6229,7 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 			} // end of reading a pixel
 
 			// copy data
-			for (j = 0; j < tga_comp; ++j)
-				tga_data[i * tga_comp + j] = raw_data[j];
+			for (j = 0; j < tga_comp; ++j) tga_data[i * tga_comp + j] = raw_data[j];
 
 			//   in case we're in RLE mode, keep counting down
 			--RLE_count;
@@ -6552,13 +6267,11 @@ static void * stbi__tga_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 
 	// convert to target component count
 	if (req_comp && req_comp != tga_comp)
-		tga_data = stbi__convert_format(tga_data, tga_comp, req_comp, tga_width,
-										tga_height);
+		tga_data = stbi__convert_format(tga_data, tga_comp, req_comp, tga_width, tga_height);
 
 	//   the things I do to get rid of an error message, and yet keep
 	//   Microsoft's C compilers happy... [8^(
-	tga_palette_start = tga_palette_len = tga_palette_bits = tga_x_origin
-		= tga_y_origin = 0;
+	tga_palette_start = tga_palette_len = tga_palette_bits = tga_x_origin = tga_y_origin = 0;
 	STBI_NOTUSED(tga_palette_start);
 	//   OK, done
 	return tga_data;
@@ -6575,8 +6288,7 @@ static int stbi__psd_test(stbi__context * s) {
 	return r;
 }
 
-static int stbi__psd_decode_rle(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc * p,
-								int pixelCount) {
+static int stbi__psd_decode_rle(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc * p, int pixelCount) {
 	int count, nleft, len;
 
 	count = 0;
@@ -6613,8 +6325,8 @@ static int stbi__psd_decode_rle(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc * p,
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc) {
+static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri, int bpc) {
 	int pixelCount;
 	int channelCount, compression;
 	int channel, i;
@@ -6629,8 +6341,7 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 
 	// Check file type version.
 	if (stbi__get16be(s) != 1)
-		return stbi__errpuc("wrong version",
-							"Unsupported version of PSD image");
+		return stbi__errpuc("wrong version", "Unsupported version of PSD image");
 
 	// Skip 6 reserved bytes.
 	stbi__skip(s, 6);
@@ -6653,8 +6364,7 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	// Make sure the depth is 8 bits.
 	bitdepth = stbi__get16be(s);
 	if (bitdepth != 8 && bitdepth != 16)
-		return stbi__errpuc("unsupported bit depth",
-							"PSD bit depth is not 8 or 16 bit");
+		return stbi__errpuc("unsupported bit depth", "PSD bit depth is not 8 or 16 bit");
 
 	// Make sure the color mode is RGB.
 	// Valid options are:
@@ -6667,8 +6377,7 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	//   8: Duotone
 	//   9: Lab color
 	if (stbi__get16be(s) != 3)
-		return stbi__errpuc("wrong color format",
-							"PSD is not in RGB color format");
+		return stbi__errpuc("wrong color format", "PSD is not in RGB color format");
 
 	// Skip the Mode Data.  (It's the palette for indexed color; other info for other modes.)
 	stbi__skip(s, stbi__get32be(s));
@@ -6685,12 +6394,10 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	//   1: RLE compressed
 	compression = stbi__get16be(s);
 	if (compression > 1)
-		return stbi__errpuc("bad compression",
-							"PSD has an unknown compression format");
+		return stbi__errpuc("bad compression", "PSD has an unknown compression format");
 
 	// Check size
-	if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(4, w, h, 0))
-		return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt PSD");
+	if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(4, w, h, 0)) return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt PSD");
 
 	// Create the destination image.
 
@@ -6726,8 +6433,7 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 			p = out + channel;
 			if (channel >= channelCount) {
 				// Fill this channel with default data.
-				for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
-					*p = (channel == 3 ? 255 : 0);
+				for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4) *p = (channel == 3 ? 255 : 0);
 			} else {
 				// Read the RLE data.
 				if (!stbi__psd_decode_rle(s, p, pixelCount)) {
@@ -6765,8 +6471,7 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 						for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
 							*p = (stbi_uc) (stbi__get16be(s) >> 8);
 					} else {
-						for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
-							*p = stbi__get8(s);
+						for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4) *p = stbi__get8(s);
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -6805,11 +6510,9 @@ static void * stbi__psd_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	// convert to desired output format
 	if (req_comp && req_comp != 4) {
 		if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16)
-			out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) out, 4,
-													 req_comp, w, h);
+			out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) out, 4, req_comp, w, h);
 		else out = stbi__convert_format(out, 4, req_comp, w, h);
-		if (out == NULL)
-			return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+		if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
 	}
 
 	if (comp) *comp = 4;
@@ -6857,8 +6560,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__readval(stbi__context * s, int channel, stbi_uc * dest) {
 
 	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i, mask >>= 1) {
 		if (channel & mask) {
-			if (stbi__at_eof(s))
-				return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "PIC file too short");
+			if (stbi__at_eof(s)) return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "PIC file too short");
 			dest[i] = stbi__get8(s);
 		}
 	}
@@ -6873,8 +6575,8 @@ static void stbi__copyval(int channel, stbi_uc * dest, const stbi_uc * src) {
 		if (channel & mask) dest[i] = src[i];
 }
 
-static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
-									 int * comp, stbi_uc * result) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height, int * comp,
+									 stbi_uc * result) {
 	int act_comp = 0, num_packets = 0, y, chained;
 	stbi__pic_packet packets[10];
 
@@ -6897,8 +6599,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 
 		if (stbi__at_eof(s))
 			return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "file too short (reading packets)");
-		if (packet->size != 8)
-			return stbi__errpuc("bad format", "packet isn't 8bpp");
+		if (packet->size != 8) return stbi__errpuc("bad format", "packet isn't 8bpp");
 	} while (chained);
 
 	*comp = (act_comp & 0x10 ? 4 : 3); // has alpha channel?
@@ -6912,8 +6613,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 
 			switch (packet->type) {
 				default:
-					return stbi__errpuc("bad format",
-										"packet has bad compression type");
+					return stbi__errpuc("bad format", "packet has bad compression type");
 
 				case 0: { //uncompressed
 					int x;
@@ -6932,8 +6632,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 
 						count = stbi__get8(s);
 						if (stbi__at_eof(s))
-							return stbi__errpuc(
-								"bad file", "file too short (pure read count)");
+							return stbi__errpuc("bad file",
+												"file too short (pure read count)");
 
 						if (count > left) count = (stbi_uc) left;
 
@@ -6950,9 +6650,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 					while (left > 0) {
 						int count = stbi__get8(s), i;
 						if (stbi__at_eof(s))
-							return stbi__errpuc(
-								"bad file",
-								"file too short (mixed read count)");
+							return stbi__errpuc("bad file",
+												"file too short (mixed read count)");
 
 						if (count >= 128) { // Repeated
 							stbi_uc value[4];
@@ -6960,23 +6659,19 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 							if (count == 128) count = stbi__get16be(s);
 							else count -= 127;
 							if (count > left)
-								return stbi__errpuc("bad file",
-													"scanline overrun");
+								return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "scanline overrun");
 
-							if (!stbi__readval(s, packet->channel, value))
-								return 0;
+							if (!stbi__readval(s, packet->channel, value)) return 0;
 
 							for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, dest += 4)
 								stbi__copyval(packet->channel, dest, value);
 						} else { // Raw
 							++count;
 							if (count > left)
-								return stbi__errpuc("bad file",
-													"scanline overrun");
+								return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "scanline overrun");
 
 							for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, dest += 4)
-								if (!stbi__readval(s, packet->channel, dest))
-									return 0;
+								if (!stbi__readval(s, packet->channel, dest)) return 0;
 						}
 						left -= count;
 					}
@@ -6989,8 +6684,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context * s, int width, int height,
 	return result;
 }
 
-static void * stbi__pic_load(stbi__context * s, int * px, int * py, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__pic_load(stbi__context * s, int * px, int * py, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	stbi_uc * result;
 	int i, x, y, internal_comp;
 	STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
@@ -7007,8 +6702,7 @@ static void * stbi__pic_load(stbi__context * s, int * px, int * py, int * comp,
 	if (x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
 		return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 
-	if (stbi__at_eof(s))
-		return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "file too short (pic header)");
+	if (stbi__at_eof(s)) return stbi__errpuc("bad file", "file too short (pic header)");
 	if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(x, y, 4, 0))
 		return stbi__errpuc("too large", "PIC image too large to decode");
 
@@ -7053,8 +6747,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
 	int w, h;
 	stbi_uc * out; // output buffer (always 4 components)
-	stbi_uc *
-		background; // The current "background" as far as a gif is concerned
+	stbi_uc * background; // The current "background" as far as a gif is concerned
 	stbi_uc * history;
 	int flags, bgindex, ratio, transparent, eflags;
 	stbi_uc pal[256][4];
@@ -7087,8 +6780,8 @@ static int stbi__gif_test(stbi__context * s) {
 	return r;
 }
 
-static void stbi__gif_parse_colortable(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc pal[256][4],
-									   int num_entries, int transp) {
+static void stbi__gif_parse_colortable(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc pal[256][4], int num_entries,
+									   int transp) {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < num_entries; ++i) {
 		pal[i][2] = stbi__get8(s);
@@ -7098,16 +6791,14 @@ static void stbi__gif_parse_colortable(stbi__context * s, stbi_uc pal[256][4],
 	}
 }
 
-static int stbi__gif_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g, int * comp,
-							int is_info) {
+static int stbi__gif_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g, int * comp, int is_info) {
 	stbi_uc version;
 	if (stbi__get8(s) != 'G' || stbi__get8(s) != 'I' || stbi__get8(s) != 'F'
 		|| stbi__get8(s) != '8')
 		return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
 
 	version = stbi__get8(s);
-	if (version != '7' && version != '9')
-		return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
+	if (version != '7' && version != '9') return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
 	if (stbi__get8(s) != 'a') return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
 
 	stbi__g_failure_reason = "";
@@ -7124,13 +6815,11 @@ static int stbi__gif_header(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g, int * comp,
 		return stbi__err("too large", "Very large image (corrupt?)");
 
 	if (comp != 0)
-		*comp
-			= 4; // can't actually tell whether it's 3 or 4 until we parse the comments
+		*comp = 4; // can't actually tell whether it's 3 or 4 until we parse the comments
 
 	if (is_info) return 1;
 
-	if (g->flags & 0x80)
-		stbi__gif_parse_colortable(s, g->pal, 2 << (g->flags & 7), -1);
+	if (g->flags & 0x80) stbi__gif_parse_colortable(s, g->pal, 2 << (g->flags & 7), -1);
 
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -7155,8 +6844,7 @@ static void stbi__out_gif_code(stbi__gif * g, stbi__uint16 code) {
 
 	// recurse to decode the prefixes, since the linked-list is backwards,
 	// and working backwards through an interleaved image would be nasty
-	if (g->codes[code].prefix >= 0)
-		stbi__out_gif_code(g, g->codes[code].prefix);
+	if (g->codes[code].prefix >= 0) stbi__out_gif_code(g, g->codes[code].prefix);
 
 	if (g->cur_y >= g->max_y) return;
 
@@ -7248,11 +6936,9 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__process_gif_raster(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g) {
 
 					p->prefix = (stbi__int16) oldcode;
 					p->first = g->codes[oldcode].first;
-					p->suffix
-						= (code == avail) ? p->first : g->codes[code].first;
+					p->suffix = (code == avail) ? p->first : g->codes[code].first;
 				} else if (code == avail)
-					return stbi__errpuc("illegal code in raster",
-										"Corrupt GIF");
+					return stbi__errpuc("illegal code in raster", "Corrupt GIF");
 
 				stbi__out_gif_code(g, (stbi__uint16) code);
 
@@ -7271,9 +6957,8 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__process_gif_raster(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g) {
 
 // this function is designed to support animated gifs, although stb_image doesn't support it
 // two back is the image from two frames ago, used for a very specific disposal format
-static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g,
-									 int * comp, int req_comp,
-									 stbi_uc * two_back) {
+static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g, int * comp,
+									 int req_comp, stbi_uc * two_back) {
 	int dispose;
 	int first_frame;
 	int pi;
@@ -7382,13 +7067,11 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g,
 
 				if (g->lflags & 0x80) {
 					stbi__gif_parse_colortable(s, g->lpal, 2 << (g->lflags & 7),
-											   g->eflags & 0x01 ? g->transparent
-																: -1);
+											   g->eflags & 0x01 ? g->transparent : -1);
 					g->color_table = (stbi_uc *) g->lpal;
 				} else if (g->flags & 0x80) {
 					g->color_table = (stbi_uc *) g->pal;
-				} else
-					return stbi__errpuc("missing color table", "Corrupt GIF");
+				} else return stbi__errpuc("missing color table", "Corrupt GIF");
 
 				o = stbi__process_gif_raster(s, g);
 				if (!o) return NULL;
@@ -7417,10 +7100,9 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g,
 					len = stbi__get8(s);
 					if (len == 4) {
 						g->eflags = stbi__get8(s);
-						g->delay
-							= 10
-							  * stbi__get16le(
-								  s); // delay - 1/100th of a second, saving as 1/1000ths.
+						g->delay = 10
+								   * stbi__get16le(
+									   s); // delay - 1/100th of a second, saving as 1/1000ths.
 
 						// unset old transparent
 						if (g->transparent >= 0) {
@@ -7448,8 +7130,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g,
 			}
 
 			case 0x3B: // gif stream termination code
-				return (
-					stbi_uc *) s; // using '1' causes warning on some compilers
+				return (stbi_uc *) s; // using '1' causes warning on some compilers
 
 			default:
 				return stbi__errpuc("unknown code", "Corrupt GIF");
@@ -7457,8 +7138,7 @@ static stbi_uc * stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context * s, stbi__gif * g,
 	}
 }
 
-static void * stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(stbi__gif * g, stbi_uc * out,
-										   int ** delays) {
+static void * stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(stbi__gif * g, stbi_uc * out, int ** delays) {
 	STBI_FREE(g->out);
 	STBI_FREE(g->history);
 	STBI_FREE(g->background);
@@ -7468,8 +7148,8 @@ static void * stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(stbi__gif * g, stbi_uc * out,
 	return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 }
 
-static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x,
-								  int * y, int * z, int * comp, int req_comp) {
+static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x, int * y, int * z,
+								  int * comp, int req_comp) {
 	if (stbi__gif_test(s)) {
 		int layers = 0;
 		stbi_uc * u = 0;
@@ -7499,34 +7179,28 @@ static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x,
 				stride = g.w * g.h * 4;
 
 				if (out) {
-					void * tmp = (stbi_uc *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(
-						out, out_size, layers * stride);
-					if (!tmp)
-						return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+					void * tmp
+						= (stbi_uc *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(out, out_size, layers * stride);
+					if (!tmp) return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
 					else {
 						out = (stbi_uc *) tmp;
 						out_size = layers * stride;
 					}
 
 					if (delays) {
-						int * new_delays = (int *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(
-							*delays, delays_size, sizeof(int) * layers);
-						if (!new_delays)
-							return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out,
-																delays);
+						int * new_delays = (int *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(*delays, delays_size,
+																	  sizeof(int) * layers);
+						if (!new_delays) return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
 						*delays = new_delays;
 						delays_size = layers * sizeof(int);
 					}
 				} else {
 					out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(layers * stride);
-					if (!out)
-						return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+					if (!out) return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
 					out_size = layers * stride;
 					if (delays) {
 						*delays = (int *) stbi__malloc(layers * sizeof(int));
-						if (!*delays)
-							return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out,
-																delays);
+						if (!*delays) return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
 						delays_size = layers * sizeof(int);
 					}
 				}
@@ -7557,8 +7231,8 @@ static void * stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context * s, int ** delays, int * x,
 	}
 }
 
-static void * stbi__gif_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__gif_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	stbi_uc * u = 0;
 	stbi__gif g;
 	memset(&g, 0, sizeof(g));
@@ -7572,8 +7246,7 @@ static void * stbi__gif_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 
 		// moved conversion to after successful load so that the same
 		// can be done for multiple frames.
-		if (req_comp && req_comp != 4)
-			u = stbi__convert_format(u, 4, req_comp, g.w, g.h);
+		if (req_comp && req_comp != 4) u = stbi__convert_format(u, 4, req_comp, g.w, g.h);
 	} else if (g.out) {
 		// if there was an error and we allocated an image buffer, free it!
 		STBI_FREE(g.out);
@@ -7639,8 +7312,7 @@ static void stbi__hdr_convert(float * output, stbi_uc * input, int req_comp) {
 		float f1;
 		// Exponent
 		f1 = (float) ldexp(1.0f, input[3] - (int) (128 + 8));
-		if (req_comp <= 2)
-			output[0] = (input[0] + input[1] + input[2]) * f1 / 3;
+		if (req_comp <= 2) output[0] = (input[0] + input[1] + input[2]) * f1 / 3;
 		else {
 			output[0] = input[0] * f1;
 			output[1] = input[1] * f1;
@@ -7664,8 +7336,8 @@ static void stbi__hdr_convert(float * output, stbi_uc * input, int req_comp) {
 	}
 }
 
-static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							  int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							  stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	char buffer[STBI__HDR_BUFLEN];
 	char * token;
 	int valid = 0;
@@ -7680,8 +7352,7 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 
 	// Check identifier
 	headerToken = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s, buffer);
-	if (strcmp(headerToken, "#?RADIANCE") != 0
-		&& strcmp(headerToken, "#?RGBE") != 0)
+	if (strcmp(headerToken, "#?RADIANCE") != 0 && strcmp(headerToken, "#?RGBE") != 0)
 		return stbi__errpf("not HDR", "Corrupt HDR image");
 
 	// Parse header
@@ -7691,8 +7362,7 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 		if (strcmp(token, "FORMAT=32-bit_rle_rgbe") == 0) valid = 1;
 	}
 
-	if (!valid)
-		return stbi__errpf("unsupported format", "Unsupported HDR format");
+	if (!valid) return stbi__errpf("unsupported format", "Unsupported HDR format");
 
 	// Parse width and height
 	// can't use sscanf() if we're not using stdio!
@@ -7722,8 +7392,7 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 		return stbi__errpf("too large", "HDR image is too large");
 
 	// Read data
-	hdr_data = (float *) stbi__malloc_mad4(width, height, req_comp,
-										   sizeof(float), 0);
+	hdr_data = (float *) stbi__malloc_mad4(width, height, req_comp, sizeof(float), 0);
 	if (!hdr_data) return stbi__errpf("outofmem", "Out of memory");
 
 	// Load image data
@@ -7735,9 +7404,8 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 				stbi_uc rgbe[4];
 			main_decode_loop:
 				stbi__getn(s, rgbe, 4);
-				stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data + j * width * req_comp
-									  + i * req_comp,
-								  rgbe, req_comp);
+				stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data + j * width * req_comp + i * req_comp, rgbe,
+								  req_comp);
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -7767,8 +7435,7 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 			if (len != width) {
 				STBI_FREE(hdr_data);
 				STBI_FREE(scanline);
-				return stbi__errpf("invalid decoded scanline length",
-								   "corrupt HDR");
+				return stbi__errpf("invalid decoded scanline length", "corrupt HDR");
 			}
 			if (scanline == NULL) {
 				scanline = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad2(width, 4, 0);
@@ -7790,27 +7457,23 @@ static float * stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 						if ((count == 0) || (count > nleft)) {
 							STBI_FREE(hdr_data);
 							STBI_FREE(scanline);
-							return stbi__errpf("corrupt",
-											   "bad RLE data in HDR");
+							return stbi__errpf("corrupt", "bad RLE data in HDR");
 						}
-						for (z = 0; z < count; ++z)
-							scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = value;
+						for (z = 0; z < count; ++z) scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = value;
 					} else {
 						// Dump
 						if ((count == 0) || (count > nleft)) {
 							STBI_FREE(hdr_data);
 							STBI_FREE(scanline);
-							return stbi__errpf("corrupt",
-											   "bad RLE data in HDR");
+							return stbi__errpf("corrupt", "bad RLE data in HDR");
 						}
-						for (z = 0; z < count; ++z)
-							scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = stbi__get8(s);
+						for (z = 0; z < count; ++z) scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = stbi__get8(s);
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			for (i = 0; i < width; ++i)
-				stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data + (j * width + i) * req_comp,
-								  scanline + i * 4, req_comp);
+				stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data + (j * width + i) * req_comp, scanline + i * 4,
+								  req_comp);
 		}
 		if (scanline) STBI_FREE(scanline);
 	}
@@ -8026,13 +7689,13 @@ static int stbi__pnm_test(stbi__context * s) {
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static void * stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
-							 int req_comp, stbi__result_info * ri) {
+static void * stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp, int req_comp,
+							 stbi__result_info * ri) {
 	stbi_uc * out;
 	STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
 
-	ri->bits_per_channel = stbi__pnm_info(s, (int *) &s->img_x,
-										  (int *) &s->img_y, (int *) &s->img_n);
+	ri->bits_per_channel
+		= stbi__pnm_info(s, (int *) &s->img_x, (int *) &s->img_y, (int *) &s->img_n);
 	if (ri->bits_per_channel == 0) return 0;
 
 	if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS)
@@ -8044,48 +7707,40 @@ static void * stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp,
 	*y = s->img_y;
 	if (comp) *comp = s->img_n;
 
-	if (!stbi__mad4sizes_valid(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y,
-							   ri->bits_per_channel / 8, 0))
+	if (!stbi__mad4sizes_valid(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y, ri->bits_per_channel / 8, 0))
 		return stbi__errpuc("too large", "PNM too large");
 
-	out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad4(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y,
-										ri->bits_per_channel / 8, 0);
+	out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad4(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y, ri->bits_per_channel / 8,
+										0);
 	if (!out) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
-	if (!stbi__getn(s, out,
-					s->img_n * s->img_x * s->img_y
-						* (ri->bits_per_channel / 8))) {
+	if (!stbi__getn(s, out, s->img_n * s->img_x * s->img_y * (ri->bits_per_channel / 8))) {
 		STBI_FREE(out);
 		return stbi__errpuc("bad PNM", "PNM file truncated");
 	}
 
 	if (req_comp && req_comp != s->img_n) {
 		if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16) {
-			out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16(
-				(stbi__uint16 *) out, s->img_n, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
+			out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) out, s->img_n, req_comp,
+													 s->img_x, s->img_y);
 		} else {
-			out = stbi__convert_format(out, s->img_n, req_comp, s->img_x,
-									   s->img_y);
+			out = stbi__convert_format(out, s->img_n, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
 		}
-		if (out == NULL)
-			return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+		if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
 	}
 	return out;
 }
 
 static int stbi__pnm_isspace(char c) {
-	return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\v' || c == '\f'
-		   || c == '\r';
+	return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\v' || c == '\f' || c == '\r';
 }
 
 static void stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(stbi__context * s, char * c) {
 	for (;;) {
-		while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && stbi__pnm_isspace(*c))
-			*c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+		while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && stbi__pnm_isspace(*c)) *c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
 
 		if (stbi__at_eof(s) || *c != '#') break;
 
-		while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && *c != '\n' && *c != '\r')
-			*c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+		while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && *c != '\n' && *c != '\r') *c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -8098,9 +7753,8 @@ static int stbi__pnm_getinteger(stbi__context * s, char * c) {
 		value = value * 10 + (*c - '0');
 		*c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
 		if ((value > 214748364) || (value == 214748364 && *c > '7'))
-			return stbi__err(
-				"integer parse overflow",
-				"Parsing an integer in the PPM header overflowed a 32-bit int");
+			return stbi__err("integer parse overflow",
+							 "Parsing an integer in the PPM header overflowed a 32-bit int");
 	}
 
 	return value;
@@ -8124,22 +7778,19 @@ static int stbi__pnm_info(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	*comp = (t == '6') ? 3
-					   : 1; // '5' is 1-component .pgm; '6' is 3-component .ppm
+	*comp = (t == '6') ? 3 : 1; // '5' is 1-component .pgm; '6' is 3-component .ppm
 
 	c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
 	stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
 
 	*x = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c); // read width
 	if (*x == 0)
-		return stbi__err("invalid width",
-						 "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
+		return stbi__err("invalid width", "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
 	stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
 
 	*y = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c); // read height
 	if (*y == 0)
-		return stbi__err("invalid width",
-						 "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
+		return stbi__err("invalid width", "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
 	stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
 
 	maxv = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c); // read max value
@@ -8193,8 +7844,7 @@ static int stbi__info_main(stbi__context * s, int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
 #ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
 	if (stbi__tga_info(s, x, y, comp)) return 1;
 #endif
-	return stbi__err("unknown image type",
-					 "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+	return stbi__err("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
 }
 
 static int stbi__is_16_main(stbi__context * s) {
@@ -8252,15 +7902,15 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_file(FILE * f) {
 }
 #endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x,
-								  int * y, int * comp) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len, int * x, int * y,
+								  int * comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_mem(&s, buffer, len);
 	return stbi__info_main(&s, x, y, comp);
 }
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * c, void * user,
-									 int * x, int * y, int * comp) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * c, void * user, int * x,
+									 int * y, int * comp) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) c, user);
 	return stbi__info_main(&s, x, y, comp);
@@ -8272,8 +7922,7 @@ STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_memory(stbi_uc const * buffer, int len) {
 	return stbi__is_16_main(&s);
 }
 
-STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * c,
-										  void * user) {
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const * c, void * user) {
 	stbi__context s;
 	stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) c, user);
 	return stbi__is_16_main(&s);
diff --git a/mwe/resource-manager/tiledMap.cpp b/mwe/resource-manager/tiledMap.cpp
index 836929c..85fc30e 100644
--- a/mwe/resource-manager/tiledMap.cpp
+++ b/mwe/resource-manager/tiledMap.cpp
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ void TiledMap::SetMapTextures() {
 
 	for (const auto & ts : tileSets) {
 		m_MapTextures.emplace_back(new TextureMap);
-		if (!m_MapTextures.back()->loadFromFile(ts.getImagePath(),
-												m_Renderer)) {
+		if (!m_MapTextures.back()->loadFromFile(ts.getImagePath(), m_Renderer)) {
 			std::cerr << "Failed opening " << ts.getImagePath() << "\n";
 		}
 	}
@@ -63,8 +62,7 @@ void TiledMap::SetMapLayers() {
 	for (auto i = 0u; i < mapLayers.size(); ++i) {
 		if (mapLayers[i]->getType() == tmx::Layer::Type::Tile) {
 			m_RenderLayers.emplace_back(new MapLayer);
-			m_RenderLayers.back()->create(this->m_TmxMap, i,
-										  this->m_MapTextures);
+			m_RenderLayers.back()->create(this->m_TmxMap, i, this->m_MapTextures);
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index e4922df..445a8b2 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -38,6 +38,5 @@ install(
 
 target_link_libraries(test_main
 	PRIVATE gtest
-	PRIVATE gtest_main
 	PUBLIC crepe
 )
diff --git a/src/crepe/Asset.cpp b/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
index 8a2a11c..9c41ecb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Asset.cpp
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 #include "Asset.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-Asset::Asset(const std::string & src) {
-	// FIXME: restore this
-	// this->src = std::filesystem::canonical(src);
-	this->src = src;
+// FIXME: restore this
+// src(std::filesystem::canonical(src))
+Asset::Asset(const std::string & src) : src(src) {
 	this->file = std::ifstream(this->src, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
 }
 
-const std::istream & Asset::read() { return this->file; }
+istream & Asset::get_stream() { return this->file; }
 
-const char * Asset::canonical() { return this->src.c_str(); }
+const string & Asset::get_canonical() const { return this->src; }
diff --git a/src/crepe/Asset.h b/src/crepe/Asset.h
index 0cb5834..9051c5e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Asset.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Asset.h
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Asset location helper
  *
- * This class is used to locate and canonicalize paths to game asset files, and
- * should *always* be used when retrieving files from disk.
+ * This class is used to locate and canonicalize paths to game asset files, and should *always*
+ * be used when retrieving files from disk.
  */
 class Asset {
 public:
@@ -20,13 +20,21 @@ public:
 	Asset(const std::string & src);
 
 public:
-	//! Get an input stream to the contents of this resource
-	const std::istream & read();
-	//! Get the canonical path to this resource
-	const char * canonical();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get an input stream to the contents of this asset
+	 * \return Input stream with file contents
+	 */
+	std::istream & get_stream();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get the canonical path to this asset
+	 * \return Canonical path to this asset
+	 */
+	const std::string & get_canonical() const;
 
 private:
-	std::string src;
+	//! Canonical path to asset
+	const std::string src;
+	//! File handle (stream)
 	std::ifstream file;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
index fc95bd3..3b05742 100644
--- a/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	ComponentManager.cpp
 	Component.cpp
 	Collider.cpp
-	Exception.cpp
 )
 
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
 	Collider.h
 	ValueBroker.h
 	ValueBroker.hpp
-	Exception.h
 )
 
 add_subdirectory(api)
diff --git a/src/crepe/Component.cpp b/src/crepe/Component.cpp
index 73c2d07..acfd35c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Component.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Component.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "Component.h"
-#include "types.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/Component.h b/src/crepe/Component.h
index 0fe60b2..5279fb3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Component.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Component.h
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "types.h"
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 namespace crepe {
 
 class ComponentManager;
@@ -11,36 +9,37 @@ class ComponentManager;
 /**
  * \brief Base class for all components
  * 
- * This class is the base class for all components. It provides a common
- * interface for all components.
+ * This class is the base class for all components. It provides a common interface for all
+ * components.
  */
 class Component {
+public:
+	//! Whether the component is active
+	bool active = true;
+	//! The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
+	const game_object_id_t game_object_id;
+
 protected:
-	//! Only the ComponentManager can create components
-	friend class crepe::ComponentManager;
 	/**
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
 	 */
 	Component(game_object_id_t id);
+	//! Only the ComponentManager can create components
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 
 public:
 	virtual ~Component() = default;
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
 	 *
-	 * This method returns -1 by default, which means that there is no limit
-	 * for the number of instances. Concrete components can override this method
-	 * to set a limit.
+	 * This method returns -1 by default, which means that there is no limit for the number of
+	 * instances. Concrete components can override this method to set a limit.
 	 *
 	 * \return The maximum number of instances for this component
 	 */
 	virtual int get_instances_max() const { return -1; }
-
-public:
-	//! The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
-	const game_object_id_t game_object_id;
-	//! Whether the component is active
-	bool active = true;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
index 85149c8..e310577 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.cpp
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "api/GameObject.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-ComponentManager & ComponentManager::get_instance() {
-	static ComponentManager instance;
-	return instance;
-}
+ComponentManager::ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
+ComponentManager::~ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
 
 void ComponentManager::delete_all_components_of_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 	// Loop through all the types (in the unordered_map<>)
@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ void ComponentManager::delete_all_components_of_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 }
 
 void ComponentManager::delete_all_components() {
-	// Clear the whole unordered_map<>
 	this->components.clear();
+	this->next_id = 0;
 }
 
-ComponentManager::ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-ComponentManager::~ComponentManager() { dbg_trace(); }
+GameObject ComponentManager::new_object(const string & name, const string & tag,
+										const Vector2 & position, double rotation,
+										double scale) {
+	GameObject object{*this, this->next_id, name, tag, position, rotation, scale};
+	this->next_id++;
+	return object;
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
index c8c196c..2107453 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.h
@@ -1,40 +1,63 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <typeindex>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "api/Vector2.h"
+
 #include "Component.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class GameObject;
+
 /**
  * \brief Manages all components
  * 
- * This class manages all components. It provides methods to add, delete and get
- * components.
+ * This class manages all components. It provides methods to add, delete and get components.
  */
 class ComponentManager {
+	// TODO: This relation should be removed! I (loek) believe that the scene manager should
+	// create/destroy components because the GameObject's are stored in concrete Scene classes,
+	// which will in turn call GameObject's destructor, which will in turn call
+	// ComponentManager::delete_components_by_id or something. This is a pretty major change, so
+	// here is a comment and temporary fix instead :tada:
+	friend class SceneManager;
+
 public:
+	ComponentManager(); // dbg_trace
+	~ComponentManager(); // dbg_trace
+
 	/**
-	 * \brief Get the instance of the ComponentManager
-	 * 
-	 * \return The instance of the ComponentManager
+	 * \brief Create a new game object using the component manager
+	 *
+	 * \param name Metadata::name (required)
+	 * \param tag Metadata::tag (optional, empty by default)
+	 * \param position Transform::position (optional, origin by default)
+	 * \param rotation Transform::rotation (optional, 0 by default)
+	 * \param scale Transform::scale (optional, 1 by default)
+	 *
+	 * \returns GameObject interface
+	 *
+	 * \note This method automatically assigns a new entity ID
 	 */
-	static ComponentManager & get_instance();
-	ComponentManager(const ComponentManager &) = delete;
-	ComponentManager(ComponentManager &&) = delete;
-	ComponentManager & operator=(const ComponentManager &) = delete;
-	ComponentManager & operator=(ComponentManager &&) = delete;
-	~ComponentManager();
+	GameObject new_object(const std::string & name, const std::string & tag = "",
+						  const Vector2 & position = {0, 0}, double rotation = 0,
+						  double scale = 1);
 
+protected:
+	/**
+	 * GameObject is used as an interface to add/remove components, and the game programmer is
+	 * supposed to use it instead of interfacing with the component manager directly.
+	 */
+	friend class GameObject;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Add a component to the ComponentManager
 	 * 
-	 * This method adds a component to the ComponentManager. The component is
-	 * created with the given arguments and added to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This method adds a component to the ComponentManager. The component is created with the
+	 * given arguments and added to the ComponentManager.
 	 * 
 	 * \tparam T The type of the component
 	 * \tparam Args The types of the arguments
@@ -77,6 +100,8 @@ public:
 	 * This method deletes all components.
 	 */
 	void delete_all_components();
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get all components of a specific type and id
 	 * 
@@ -87,8 +112,7 @@ public:
 	 * \return A vector of all components of the specific type and id
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-	get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const;
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get all components of a specific type
 	 * 
@@ -101,23 +125,21 @@ public:
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components_by_type() const;
 
 private:
-	ComponentManager();
-
-private:
 	/**
 	 * \brief The components
 	 * 
-	 * This unordered_map stores all components. The key is the type of the
-	 * component and the value is a vector of vectors of unique pointers to the
-	 * components.
-	 * Every component type has its own vector of vectors of unique pointers to
-	 * the components. The first vector is for the ids of the GameObjects and the
-	 * second vector is for the components (because a GameObject might have multiple
-	 * components).
+	 * This unordered_map stores all components. The key is the type of the component and the
+	 * value is a vector of vectors of unique pointers to the components.
+	 *
+	 * Every component type has its own vector of vectors of unique pointers to the components.
+	 * The first vector is for the ids of the GameObjects and the second vector is for the
+	 * components (because a GameObject might have multiple components).
 	 */
-	std::unordered_map<std::type_index,
-					   std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Component>>>>
 		components;
+
+	//! ID of next GameObject allocated by \c ComponentManager::new_object
+	game_object_id_t next_id = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
index 98efb49..be99cac 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/ComponentManager.hpp
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ T & ComponentManager::add_component(game_object_id_t id, Args &&... args) {
 	// Check if the vector size is not greater than get_instances_max
 	int max_instances = instance->get_instances_max();
 	if (max_instances != -1 && components[type][id].size() >= max_instances) {
-		// TODO: Exception
 		throw std::runtime_error(
 			"Exceeded maximum number of instances for this component type");
 	}
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@ void ComponentManager::delete_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) {
 	// Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
 	if (this->components.find(type) != this->components.end()) {
 		// Get the correct vector<>
-		vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-			= this->components[type];
+		vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components[type];
 
 		// Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
 		if (id < component_array.size()) {
@@ -93,12 +91,10 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const {
 	// Create an empty vector<>
 	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> component_vector;
 
-	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end())
-		return component_vector;
+	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end()) return component_vector;
 
 	// Get the correct vector<>
-	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-		= this->components.at(type);
+	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components.at(type);
 
 	// Make sure that the id (that we are looking for) is within the boundaries of the vector<>
 	if (id >= component_array.size()) return component_vector;
@@ -118,8 +114,7 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_id(game_object_id_t id) const {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>>
-ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
 	using namespace std;
 
 	// Determine the type of T (this is used as the key of the unordered_map<>)
@@ -129,12 +124,10 @@ ComponentManager::get_components_by_type() const {
 	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> component_vector;
 
 	// Find the type (in the unordered_map<>)
-	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end())
-		return component_vector;
+	if (this->components.find(type) == this->components.end()) return component_vector;
 
 	// Get the correct vector<>
-	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array
-		= this->components.at(type);
+	const vector<vector<unique_ptr<Component>>> & component_array = this->components.at(type);
 
 	// Loop through the whole vector<>
 	for (const vector<unique_ptr<Component>> & component : component_array) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/Exception.cpp b/src/crepe/Exception.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index dab8f2e..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/Exception.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-
-#include "Exception.h"
-#include "util/fmt.h"
-
-using namespace std;
-using namespace crepe;
-
-const char * Exception::what() { return error.c_str(); }
-
-Exception::Exception(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	this->error = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/Exception.h b/src/crepe/Exception.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6473043..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/Exception.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <exception>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-//! Exception class with printf-style constructor
-class Exception : public std::exception {
-public:
-	//! printf
-	Exception(const char * fmt, ...);
-	//! Get formatted error message
-	const char * what();
-
-protected:
-	Exception() = default;
-	//! Formatted error message
-	std::string error;
-};
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/Particle.cpp b/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
index 582edf4..1068cbf 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/Particle.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-void Particle::reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position,
-					 const Vector2 & velocity, double angle) {
+void Particle::reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position, const Vector2 & velocity,
+					 double angle) {
 	// Initialize the particle state
 	this->time_in_life = 0;
 	this->lifespan = lifespan;
diff --git a/src/crepe/Particle.h b/src/crepe/Particle.h
index 3eaebc3..19859fe 100644
--- a/src/crepe/Particle.h
+++ b/src/crepe/Particle.h
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Represents a particle in the particle emitter.
  *
- * This class stores information about a single particle, including its position,
- * velocity, lifespan, and other properties. Particles can be updated over time
- * to simulate movement and can also be reset or stopped.
+ * This class stores information about a single particle, including its position, velocity,
+ * lifespan, and other properties. Particles can be updated over time to simulate movement and
+ * can also be reset or stopped.
  */
 class Particle {
 	// TODO: add friend particleSsytem and rendersystem. Unit test will fail.
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Resets the particle with new properties.
 	 *
-	 * This method initializes the particle with a specific lifespan, position,
-	 * velocity, and angle, marking it as active and resetting its life counter.
+	 * This method initializes the particle with a specific lifespan, position, velocity, and
+	 * angle, marking it as active and resetting its life counter.
 	 *
 	 * \param lifespan  The lifespan of the particle in amount of updates.
 	 * \param position  The starting position of the particle.
 	 * \param velocity  The initial velocity of the particle.
 	 * \param angle     The angle of the particle's trajectory or orientation.
 	 */
-	void reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position,
-			   const Vector2 & velocity, double angle);
+	void reset(uint32_t lifespan, const Vector2 & position, const Vector2 & velocity,
+			   double angle);
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the particle's state.
 	 *
-	 * Advances the particle's position based on its velocity and applies accumulated forces. 
+	 * Advances the particle's position based on its velocity and applies accumulated forces.
 	 * Deactivates the particle if its lifespan has expired.
 	 */
 	void update();
diff --git a/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h b/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
index d844d6a..673b660 100644
--- a/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
+++ b/src/crepe/ValueBroker.h
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Give reference to value through custom set/get functions
  *
- * This class can be used to abstract direct access to any arbitrary value
- * through a custom get and set function passed to its constructor. Consumers
- * of this type may want to wrap it in a \c Proxy so it behaves like a regular
- * variable.
+ * This class can be used to abstract direct access to any arbitrary value through a custom get
+ * and set function passed to its constructor. Consumers of this type may want to wrap it in a
+ * \c Proxy so it behaves like a regular variable.
  *
  * \tparam T  Type of the underlying variable
  */
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
index 58fee2a..464b0fd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Animator.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Animator.h"
 #include "Component.h"
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Animator::Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & ss, int row, int col, int col_animator)
+Animator::Animator(game_object_id_t id, Sprite & ss, int row, int col, int col_animator)
 	: Component(id),
 	  spritesheet(ss),
 	  row(row),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Animator.h b/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
index def0240..53f4b91 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Animator.h
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "Component.h"
 #include "Sprite.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 class AnimatorSystem;
 class SDLContext;
 
 /**
- * \brief The Animator component is used to animate sprites by managing the movement
- *        and frame changes within a sprite sheet.
+ * \brief The Animator component is used to animate sprites by managing the movement and frame
+ * changes within a sprite sheet.
  *
- * This component allows for controlling sprite animation through rows and columns of a sprite sheet.
- * It can be used to play animations, loop them, or stop them.
+ * This component allows for controlling sprite animation through rows and columns of a sprite
+ * sheet. It can be used to play animations, loop them, or stop them.
  */
 class Animator : public Component {
 
@@ -28,15 +27,17 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Constructs an Animator object that will control animations for a sprite sheet.
 	 *
 	 * \param id The unique identifier for the component, typically assigned automatically.
-	 * \param spritesheet A reference to the Sprite object which holds the sprite sheet for animation.
+	 * \param spritesheet A reference to the Sprite object which holds the sprite sheet for
+	 * animation.
 	 * \param row The maximum number of rows in the sprite sheet.
 	 * \param col The maximum number of columns in the sprite sheet.
-	 * \param col__animate The specific col index of the sprite sheet to animate. This allows selecting which col to animate from multiple col in the sheet.
+	 * \param col_animate The specific col index of the sprite sheet to animate. This allows
+	 * selecting which col to animate from multiple col in the sheet.
 	 *
-	 * This constructor sets up the Animator with the given parameters, and initializes the animation system.
+	 * This constructor sets up the Animator with the given parameters, and initializes the
+	 * animation system.
 	 */
-	Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & spritesheet, int row, int col,
-			 int col_animate);
+	Animator(uint32_t id, Sprite & spritesheet, int row, int col, int col_animate);
 
 	~Animator(); // dbg_trace
 	Animator(const Animator &) = delete;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
index b891760..3925758 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "AssetManager.h"
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
index 86a9902..fee6780 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.h
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 /**
- * \brief The AssetManager is responsible for storing and managing assets over
- * multiple scenes.
+ * \brief The AssetManager is responsible for storing and managing assets over multiple scenes.
  * 
- * The AssetManager ensures that assets are loaded once and can be accessed
- * across different scenes. It caches assets to avoid reloading them every time
- * a scene is loaded. Assets are retained in memory until the AssetManager is
- * destroyed, at which point the cached assets are cleared.
+ * The AssetManager ensures that assets are loaded once and can be accessed across different
+ * scenes. It caches assets to avoid reloading them every time a scene is loaded. Assets are
+ * retained in memory until the AssetManager is destroyed, at which point the cached assets are
+ * cleared.
  */
 class AssetManager {
 
@@ -44,20 +43,18 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Caches an asset by loading it from the given file path.
 	 *
 	 * \param file_path The path to the asset file to load.
-	 * \param reload If true, the asset will be reloaded from the file, even if
-	 * it is already cached.
+	 * \param reload If true, the asset will be reloaded from the file, even if it is already
+	 * cached.
 	 * \tparam T The type of asset to cache (e.g., texture, sound, etc.).
 	 * 
 	 * \return A shared pointer to the cached asset.
 	 * 
-	 * This template function caches the asset at the given file path. If the
-	 * asset is already cached and `reload` is false, the existing cached version
-	 * will be returned. Otherwise, the asset will be reloaded and added to the
-	 * cache.
+	 * This template function caches the asset at the given file path. If the asset is already
+	 * cached and `reload` is false, the existing cached version will be returned. Otherwise, the
+	 * asset will be reloaded and added to the cache.
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::shared_ptr<T> cache(const std::string & file_path,
-							 bool reload = false);
+	std::shared_ptr<T> cache(const std::string & file_path, bool reload = false);
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
index 977b4e1..1c0e978 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/AssetManager.hpp
@@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename asset>
-std::shared_ptr<asset> AssetManager::cache(const std::string & file_path,
-										   bool reload) {
+std::shared_ptr<asset> AssetManager::cache(const std::string & file_path, bool reload) {
 	auto it = asset_cache.find(file_path);
 
 	if (!reload && it != asset_cache.end()) {
 		return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<asset>>(it->second);
 	}
 
-	std::shared_ptr<asset> new_asset
-		= std::make_shared<asset>(file_path.c_str());
+	std::shared_ptr<asset> new_asset = std::make_shared<asset>(file_path.c_str());
 
 	asset_cache[file_path] = new_asset;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp b/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 63fd0d7..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#include <memory>
-
-#include "../facade/Sound.h"
-
-#include "AudioSource.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
-
-AudioSource::AudioSource(std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip) {
-	this->sound = std::make_unique<crepe::Sound>(std::move(audio_clip));
-}
-
-void AudioSource::play() { return this->play(false); }
-
-void AudioSource::play(bool looping) {
-	this->sound->set_looping(looping);
-	this->sound->play();
-}
-
-void AudioSource::stop() {
-	this->sound->pause();
-	this->sound->rewind();
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h b/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e24ae8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/AudioSource.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory>
-
-#include "../Asset.h"
-#include "../Component.h"
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-class Sound;
-
-//! Audio source component
-class AudioSource : public Component {
-public:
-	AudioSource(std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip);
-	virtual ~AudioSource() = default;
-
-public:
-	//! Start or resume this audio source
-	void play();
-	void play(bool looping);
-	//! Stop this audio source
-	void stop();
-
-public:
-	//! Sample file location
-	std::unique_ptr<Asset> audio_clip;
-	//! TODO: ?????
-	bool play_on_awake;
-	//! Repeat the current audio clip during playback
-	bool loop;
-	//! Normalized volume (0.0 - 1.0)
-	float volume;
-
-private:
-	std::unique_ptr<Sound> sound;
-};
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
index e69de29..7bbace0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "BehaviorScript.h"
+#include "Component.h"
+#include "GameObject.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+
+BehaviorScript::BehaviorScript(game_object_id_t id, ComponentManager & mgr)
+	: Component(id),
+	  component_manager(mgr) {}
+
+template <>
+BehaviorScript & GameObject::add_component<BehaviorScript>() {
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	return mgr.add_component<BehaviorScript>(this->id, mgr);
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
index 6b1fec7..9d85d4c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h
@@ -4,29 +4,69 @@
 
 #include "../Component.h"
 
+#include "GameObject.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
 class ScriptSystem;
 class ComponentManager;
 class Script;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script component
+ *
+ * This class acts as a (component) wrapper around an instance of (a class derivatived from) \c
+ * Script. \c BehaviorScript is the only ECS component that stores member function
+ * implementations as data.
+ */
 class BehaviorScript : public Component {
 protected:
-	friend class crepe::ComponentManager;
-	using Component::Component;
-
-public:
-	virtual ~BehaviorScript() = default;
+	/**
+	 * \param id Parent \c GameObject id
+	 * \param component_manager Reference to component manager (passed through to \c Script
+	 * instance)
+	 *
+	 * \note Calls to this constructor (should) always pass through \c GameObject::add_component,
+	 * which has an exception for this specific component type. This was done so the user does
+	 * not have to pass references used within \c Script to each \c BehaviorScript instance.
+	 */
+	BehaviorScript(game_object_id_t id, ComponentManager & component_manager);
+	//! Only ComponentManager is allowed to instantiate BehaviorScript
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Set the concrete script of this component
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Concrete script type (derived from \c crepe::Script)
+	 *
+	 * \returns Reference to BehaviorScript component (`*this`)
+	 */
 	template <class T>
 	BehaviorScript & set_script();
 
 protected:
-	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
+	//! Script instance
 	std::unique_ptr<Script> script = nullptr;
+	//! ScriptSystem needs direct access to the script instance
+	friend class ScriptSystem;
+
+protected:
+	//! Reference to component manager (passed to Script)
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
+/**
+ * \brief Add a BehaviorScript component to this game object
+ *
+ * The \c BehaviorScript class is the only exception to the ECS harmony, and requires a
+ * reference to the component manager passed to its constructor in order to function normally.
+ * This is because the \c BehaviorScript (and \c Script) classes are the only component-related
+ * classes that store implemented member functions as data.
+ */
+template <>
+BehaviorScript & GameObject::add_component<BehaviorScript>();
+
 } // namespace crepe
 
 #include "BehaviorScript.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
index 4751607..d80321d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/BehaviorScript.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "Script.h"
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 template <class T>
 BehaviorScript & BehaviorScript::set_script() {
-	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Script, T>::value);
 	dbg_trace();
+	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Script, T>::value);
 	Script * s = new T();
-	s->parent = this;
+	s->game_object_id = this->game_object_id;
+	s->component_manager_ref = &this->component_manager;
 	this->script = std::unique_ptr<Script>(s);
 	return *this;
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
index 85696c4..f9b370f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/api/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	# AudioSource.cpp
 	BehaviorScript.cpp
-	Script.cpp
 	GameObject.cpp
 	Rigidbody.cpp
 	ParticleEmitter.cpp
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
index 6355a03..5835bdd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Camera.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Camera.h"
 #include "Color.h"
@@ -9,7 +6,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Camera::Camera(uint32_t id, const Color & bg_color)
+Camera::Camera(game_object_id_t id, const Color & bg_color)
 	: Component(id),
 	  bg_color(bg_color) {
 	dbg_trace();
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Camera.h b/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
index ba3a9ef..e0cda34 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Camera.h
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "Color.h"
 #include "Component.h"
 
@@ -11,9 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
  * \class Camera
  * \brief Represents a camera component for rendering in the game.
  *
- * The Camera class defines the view parameters, including background color, 
- * aspect ratio, position, and zoom level. It controls what part of the game 
- * world is visible on the screen.
+ * The Camera class defines the view parameters, including background color, aspect ratio,
+ * position, and zoom level. It controls what part of the game world is visible on the screen.
  */
 class Camera : public Component {
 
@@ -23,7 +20,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param id Unique identifier for the camera component.
 	 * \param bg_color Background color for the camera view.
 	 */
-	Camera(uint32_t id, const Color & bg_color);
+	Camera(game_object_id_t id, const Color & bg_color);
 	~Camera(); // dbg_trace only
 
 public:
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Config.h b/src/crepe/api/Config.h
index 8c9e643..3ab877a 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Config.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Config.h
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Global configuration interface
+ *
+ * This class stores engine default settings. Properties on this class are only supposed to be
+ * modified *before* execution is handed over from the game programmer to the engine (i.e. the
+ * main loop is started).
+ */
 class Config {
-private:
-	Config() = default;
-
-public:
-	~Config() = default;
-
 public:
 	//! Retrieve handle to global Config instance
 	static Config & get_instance();
+
+private:
+	Config() = default;
+
 	// singleton
 	Config(const Config &) = delete;
 	Config(Config &&) = delete;
@@ -26,10 +31,9 @@ public:
 		/**
 		 * \brief Log level
 		 *
-		 * Only messages with equal or higher priority than this value will be
-		 * logged.
+		 * Only messages with equal or higher priority than this value will be logged.
 		 */
-		LogLevel level = LogLevel::INFO;
+		Log::Level level = Log::Level::INFO;
 		/**
 		 * \brief Colored log output
 		 *
@@ -43,8 +47,8 @@ public:
 		/**
 		 * \brief Save file location
 		 *
-		 * This location is used by the constructor of SaveManager, and should be
-		 * set before save manager functionality is attempted to be used.
+		 * This location is used by the constructor of SaveManager, and should be set before save
+		 * manager functionality is attempted to be used.
 		 */
 		std::string location = "save.crepe.db";
 	} savemgr;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
index d252e77..287e81d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.cpp
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 #include "api/Transform.h"
 
+#include "BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "GameObject.h"
 #include "Metadata.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
-GameObject::GameObject(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-					   const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
-					   double rotation, double scale)
-	: id(id) {
+GameObject::GameObject(ComponentManager & component_manager, game_object_id_t id,
+					   const std::string & name, const std::string & tag,
+					   const Vector2 & position, double rotation, double scale)
+	: id(id),
+	  component_manager(component_manager) {
+
 	// Add Transform and Metadata components
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	mgr.add_component<Transform>(this->id, position, rotation, scale);
 	mgr.add_component<Metadata>(this->id, name, tag);
 }
 
 void GameObject::set_parent(const GameObject & parent) {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
 	// Set parent on own Metadata component
 	vector<reference_wrapper<Metadata>> this_metadata
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
index d703730..34ef8bb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.h
@@ -2,25 +2,26 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include "Vector2.h"
 #include "types.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-class Vector2;
+class ComponentManager;
 
 /**
  * \brief Represents a GameObject
  * 
- * This class represents a GameObject. The GameObject class is only used
- * as an interface for the game programmer. The actual implementation is
- * done in the ComponentManager.
+ * This class represents a GameObject. The GameObject class is only used as an interface for
+ * the game programmer. The actual implementation is done in the ComponentManager.
  */
 class GameObject {
-public:
+private:
 	/**
-	 * This constructor creates a new GameObject. It creates a new
-	 * Transform and Metadata component and adds them to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This constructor creates a new GameObject. It creates a new Transform and Metadata
+	 * component and adds them to the ComponentManager.
 	 * 
+	 * \param component_manager Reference to component_manager
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject
 	 * \param name The name of the GameObject
 	 * \param tag The tag of the GameObject
@@ -28,15 +29,19 @@ public:
 	 * \param rotation The rotation of the GameObject
 	 * \param scale The scale of the GameObject
 	 */
-	GameObject(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-			   const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
+	GameObject(ComponentManager & component_manager, game_object_id_t id,
+			   const std::string & name, const std::string & tag, const Vector2 & position,
 			   double rotation, double scale);
+	//! ComponentManager instances GameObject
+	friend class ComponentManager;
+
+public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Set the parent of this GameObject
 	 * 
-	 * This method sets the parent of this GameObject. It sets the parent
-	 * in the Metadata component of this GameObject and adds this GameObject
-	 * to the children list of the parent GameObject.
+	 * This method sets the parent of this GameObject. It sets the parent in the Metadata
+	 * component of this GameObject and adds this GameObject to the children list of the parent
+	 * GameObject.
 	 * 
 	 * \param parent The parent GameObject
 	 */
@@ -44,8 +49,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Add a component to the GameObject
 	 * 
-	 * This method adds a component to the GameObject. It forwards the
-	 * arguments to the ComponentManager.
+	 * This method adds a component to the GameObject. It forwards the arguments to the
+	 * ComponentManager.
 	 * 
 	 * \tparam T The type of the component
 	 * \tparam Args The types of the arguments
@@ -58,6 +63,9 @@ public:
 public:
 	//! The id of the GameObject
 	const game_object_id_t id;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
index bfba7fe..17b17d7 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/GameObject.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T, typename... Args>
 T & GameObject::add_component(Args &&... args) {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	return mgr.add_component<T>(this->id, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
index 2e9823f..a64366f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
+
+#include "../system/AnimatorSystem.h"
+#include "../system/CollisionSystem.h"
+#include "../system/ParticleSystem.h"
+#include "../system/PhysicsSystem.h"
 #include "../system/RenderSystem.h"
 #include "../system/ScriptSystem.h"
 
@@ -7,11 +11,21 @@
 #include "LoopTimer.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
+
+LoopManager::LoopManager() {
+	this->load_system<AnimatorSystem>();
+	this->load_system<CollisionSystem>();
+	this->load_system<ParticleSystem>();
+	this->load_system<PhysicsSystem>();
+	this->load_system<RenderSystem>();
+	this->load_system<ScriptSystem>();
+}
 
-LoopManager::LoopManager() {}
 void LoopManager::process_input() {
 	SDLContext::get_instance().handle_events(this->game_running);
 }
+
 void LoopManager::start() {
 	this->setup();
 	this->loop();
@@ -48,7 +62,7 @@ void LoopManager::setup() {
 
 void LoopManager::render() {
 	if (this->game_running) {
-		RenderSystem::get_instance().update();
+		this->get_system<RenderSystem>().update();
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
index 2f03193..f6904be 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.h
@@ -2,15 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
-class RenderSystem;
-class SDLContext;
-class LoopTimer;
-class ScriptSystem;
-class SoundSystem;
-class ParticleSystem;
-class PhysicsSystem;
-class AnimatorSystem;
-class CollisionSystem;
+#include "../ComponentManager.h"
+#include "../system/System.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
 class LoopManager {
@@ -73,7 +67,35 @@ private:
 	void render();
 
 	bool game_running = false;
-	//#TODO add system instances
+
+private:
+	//! Component manager instance
+	ComponentManager component_manager{};
+
+private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Collection of System instances
+	 *
+	 * This map holds System instances indexed by the system's class typeid. It is filled in the
+	 * constructor of \c LoopManager using LoopManager::load_system.
+	 */
+	std::unordered_map<std::type_index, std::unique_ptr<System>> systems;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Initialize a system
+	 * \tparam T System type (must be derivative of \c System)
+	 */
+	template <class T>
+	void load_system();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Retrieve a reference to ECS system
+	 * \tparam T System type
+	 * \returns Reference to system instance
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if the System is not initialized
+	 */
+	template <class T>
+	T & get_system();
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
+
+#include "LoopManager.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b14fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <format>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "../system/System.h"
+
+#include "LoopManager.h"
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+template <class T>
+T & LoopManager::get_system() {
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<System, T>::value,
+				  "get_system must recieve a derivative class of System");
+
+	const type_info & type = typeid(T);
+	if (!this->systems.contains(type))
+		throw runtime_error(format("LoopManager: {} is not initialized", type.name()));
+
+	System * system = this->systems.at(type).get();
+	T * concrete_system = dynamic_cast<T *>(system);
+	assert(concrete_system != nullptr);
+
+	return *concrete_system;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+void LoopManager::load_system() {
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<System, T>::value,
+				  "load_system must recieve a derivative class of System");
+
+	System * system = new T(this->component_manager);
+	this->systems[typeid(T)] = unique_ptr<System>(system);
+}
+
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
index 8f09e41..a9800b7 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "LoopTimer.h"
 
@@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ void LoopTimer::start() {
 void LoopTimer::update() {
 	auto current_frame_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 	// Convert to duration in seconds for delta time
-	this->delta_time
-		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
-			current_frame_time - last_frame_time);
+	this->delta_time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
+		current_frame_time - last_frame_time);
 
 	if (this->delta_time > this->maximum_delta_time) {
 		this->delta_time = this->maximum_delta_time;
@@ -39,17 +38,11 @@ void LoopTimer::update() {
 
 double LoopTimer::get_delta_time() const { return this->delta_time.count(); }
 
-double LoopTimer::get_current_time() const {
-	return this->elapsed_time.count();
-}
+double LoopTimer::get_current_time() const { return this->elapsed_time.count(); }
 
-void LoopTimer::advance_fixed_update() {
-	this->elapsed_fixed_time += this->fixed_delta_time;
-}
+void LoopTimer::advance_fixed_update() { this->elapsed_fixed_time += this->fixed_delta_time; }
 
-double LoopTimer::get_fixed_delta_time() const {
-	return this->fixed_delta_time.count();
-}
+double LoopTimer::get_fixed_delta_time() const { return this->fixed_delta_time.count(); }
 
 void LoopTimer::set_fps(int fps) {
 	this->fps = fps;
@@ -66,13 +59,13 @@ void LoopTimer::enforce_frame_rate() {
 	std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point current_frame_time
 		= std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 	std::chrono::milliseconds frame_duration
-		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-			current_frame_time - this->last_frame_time);
+		= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(current_frame_time
+																- this->last_frame_time);
 
 	if (frame_duration < this->frame_target_time) {
 		std::chrono::milliseconds delay_time
-			= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-				this->frame_target_time - frame_duration);
+			= std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(this->frame_target_time
+																	- frame_duration);
 		if (delay_time.count() > 0) {
 			SDLContext::get_instance().delay(delay_time.count());
 		}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
index 85687be..f277d7b 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/LoopTimer.h
@@ -1,124 +1,123 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace crepe {
 
 class LoopTimer {
 public:
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the singleton instance of LoopTimer.
-     *
-     * \return A reference to the LoopTimer instance.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the singleton instance of LoopTimer.
+	 *
+	 * \return A reference to the LoopTimer instance.
+	 */
 	static LoopTimer & get_instance();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current delta time for the current frame.
-     *
-     * \return Delta time in seconds since the last frame.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current delta time for the current frame.
+	 *
+	 * \return Delta time in seconds since the last frame.
+	 */
 	double get_delta_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current game time.
-     *
-     * \note The current game time may vary from real-world elapsed time.
-     * It is the cumulative sum of each frame's delta time.
-     *
-     * \return Elapsed game time in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current game time.
+	 *
+	 * \note The current game time may vary from real-world elapsed time. It is the cumulative
+	 * sum of each frame's delta time.
+	 *
+	 * \return Elapsed game time in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_current_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Set the target frames per second (FPS).
-     *
-     * \param fps The desired frames rendered per second.
-     */
+	 * \brief Set the target frames per second (FPS).
+	 *
+	 * \param fps The desired frames rendered per second.
+	 */
 	void set_fps(int fps);
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current frames per second (FPS).
-     *
-     * \return Current FPS.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current frames per second (FPS).
+	 *
+	 * \return Current FPS.
+	 */
 	int get_fps() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the current game scale.
-     *
-     * \return The current game scale, where 0 = paused, 1 = normal speed, and values > 1 speed up the game.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the current game scale.
+	 *
+	 * \return The current game scale, where 0 = paused, 1 = normal speed, and values > 1 speed
+	 * up the game.
+	 */
 	double get_game_scale() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Set the game scale.
-     *
-     * \param game_scale The desired game scale (0 = pause, 1 = normal speed, > 1 = speed up).
-     */
+	 * \brief Set the game scale.
+	 *
+	 * \param game_scale The desired game scale (0 = pause, 1 = normal speed, > 1 = speed up).
+	 */
 	void set_game_scale(double game_scale);
 
 private:
 	friend class LoopManager;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Start the loop timer.
-     *
-     * Initializes the timer to begin tracking frame times.
-     */
+	 * \brief Start the loop timer.
+	 *
+	 * Initializes the timer to begin tracking frame times.
+	 */
 	void start();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Enforce the frame rate limit.
-     *
-     * Ensures that the game loop does not exceed the target FPS by delaying
-     * frame updates as necessary.
-     */
+	 * \brief Enforce the frame rate limit.
+	 *
+	 * Ensures that the game loop does not exceed the target FPS by delaying frame updates as
+	 * necessary.
+	 */
 	void enforce_frame_rate();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the fixed delta time for consistent updates.
-     *
-     * Fixed delta time is used for operations that require uniform time steps,
-     * such as physics calculations.
-     *
-     * \return Fixed delta time in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the fixed delta time for consistent updates.
+	 *
+	 * Fixed delta time is used for operations that require uniform time steps, such as physics
+	 * calculations.
+	 *
+	 * \return Fixed delta time in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_fixed_delta_time() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Get the accumulated lag in the game loop.
-     *
-     * Lag represents the difference between the target frame time and the
-     * actual frame time, useful for managing fixed update intervals.
-     *
-     * \return Accumulated lag in seconds.
-     */
+	 * \brief Get the accumulated lag in the game loop.
+	 *
+	 * Lag represents the difference between the target frame time and the actual frame time,
+	 * useful for managing fixed update intervals.
+	 *
+	 * \return Accumulated lag in seconds.
+	 */
 	double get_lag() const;
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Construct a new LoopTimer object.
-     *
-     * Private constructor for singleton pattern to restrict instantiation
-     * outside the class.
-     */
+	 * \brief Construct a new LoopTimer object.
+	 *
+	 * Private constructor for singleton pattern to restrict instantiation outside the class.
+	 */
 	LoopTimer();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Update the timer to the current frame.
-     *
-     * Calculates and updates the delta time for the current frame and adds it to
-     * the cumulative game time.
-     */
+	 * \brief Update the timer to the current frame.
+	 *
+	 * Calculates and updates the delta time for the current frame and adds it to the cumulative
+	 * game time.
+	 */
 	void update();
 
 	/**
-     * \brief Advance the game loop by a fixed update interval.
-     *
-     * This method progresses the game state by a consistent, fixed time step,
-     * allowing for stable updates independent of frame rate fluctuations.
-     */
+	 * \brief Advance the game loop by a fixed update interval.
+	 *
+	 * This method progresses the game state by a consistent, fixed time step, allowing for
+	 * stable updates independent of frame rate fluctuations.
+	 */
 	void advance_fixed_update();
 
 private:
@@ -131,11 +130,9 @@ private:
 	//! Delta time for the current frame in seconds
 	std::chrono::duration<double> delta_time{0.0};
 	//! Target time per frame in seconds
-	std::chrono::duration<double> frame_target_time
-		= std::chrono::seconds(1) / fps;
+	std::chrono::duration<double> frame_target_time = std::chrono::seconds(1) / fps;
 	//! Fixed delta time for fixed updates in seconds
-	std::chrono::duration<double> fixed_delta_time
-		= std::chrono::seconds(1) / 50;
+	std::chrono::duration<double> fixed_delta_time = std::chrono::seconds(1) / 50;
 	//! Total elapsed game time in seconds
 	std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_time{0.0};
 	//! Total elapsed time for fixed updates in seconds
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h b/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
index c61e006..235d42f 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Metadata.h
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Metadata component
  * 
- * This class represents the Metadata component. It stores the name, tag, parent
- * and children of a GameObject.
+ * This class represents the Metadata component. It stores the name, tag, parent and children
+ * of a GameObject.
  */
 class Metadata : public Component {
 public:
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param name The name of the GameObject
 	 * \param tag The tag of the GameObject
 	 */
-	Metadata(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name,
-			 const std::string & tag);
+	Metadata(game_object_id_t id, const std::string & name, const std::string & tag);
 	/**
 	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
 	 *
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
index 35f960d..90b77a0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-ParticleEmitter::ParticleEmitter(game_object_id_t game_object_id,
-								 const Data & data)
+ParticleEmitter::ParticleEmitter(game_object_id_t game_object_id, const Data & data)
 	: Component(game_object_id),
 	  data(data) {
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < this->data.max_particles; i++) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
index a9e872f..33112e1 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/ParticleEmitter.h
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ class Sprite;
 /**
  * \brief Data holder for particle emission parameters.
  *
- * The ParticleEmitter class stores configuration data for particle properties,
- * defining the characteristics and boundaries of particle emissions.
+ * The ParticleEmitter class stores configuration data for particle properties, defining the
+ * characteristics and boundaries of particle emissions.
  */
 class ParticleEmitter : public Component {
 public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Defines the boundary within which particles are constrained.
 	 *
-	 * This structure specifies the boundary's size and offset, as well as the
-	 * behavior of particles upon reaching the boundary limits.
+	 * This structure specifies the boundary's size and offset, as well as the behavior of
+	 * particles upon reaching the boundary limits.
 	 */
 	struct Boundary {
 		//! boundary width (midpoint is emitter location)
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Holds parameters that control particle emission.
 	 *
-	 * Contains settings for the emitter’s position, particle speed, angle, lifespan,
-	 * boundary, and the sprite used for rendering particles.
+	 * Contains settings for the emitter’s position, particle speed, angle, lifespan, boundary,
+	 * and the sprite used for rendering particles.
 	 */
 	struct Data {
 		//! position of the emitter
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
index 3bf1c5b..6b87695 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-crepe::Rigidbody::Rigidbody(uint32_t game_object_id, const Data & data)
-	: Component(game_object_id),
+crepe::Rigidbody::Rigidbody(game_object_id_t id, const Data & data)
+	: Component(id),
 	  data(data) {}
 
 void crepe::Rigidbody::add_force_linear(const Vector2 & force) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
index 68481f4..3e5c7a3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Rigidbody.h
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-
 #include "../Component.h"
 
 #include "Vector2.h"
@@ -11,8 +9,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Rigidbody class
  * 
- * This class is used by the physics sytem and collision system. 
- * It configures how to system interact with the gameobject for movement and collisions.
+ * This class is used by the physics sytem and collision system. It configures how to system
+ * interact with the gameobject for movement and collisions.
  */
 class Rigidbody : public Component {
 public:
@@ -32,8 +30,8 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief PhysicsConstraints to constrain movement
 	 * 
-	 * This struct configures the movement constraint for this object.
-	 * If a constraint is enabled the systems will not move the object.
+	 * This struct configures the movement constraint for this object. If a constraint is enabled
+	 * the systems will not move the object.
 	 */
 	struct PhysicsConstraints {
 		//! X constraint
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param game_object_id id of the gameobject the rigibody is added to.
 	 * \param data struct to configure the rigidbody.
 	 */
-	Rigidbody(uint32_t game_object_id, const Data & data);
+	Rigidbody(game_object_id_t id, const Data & data);
 	//! struct to hold data of rigidbody
 	Data data;
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
index 43276c5..c5f43ea 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "../facade/DB.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Config.h"
 #include "SaveManager.h"
@@ -139,14 +139,11 @@ ValueBroker<T> SaveManager::get(const string & key, const T & default_value) {
 }
 template ValueBroker<uint8_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint8_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int8_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int8_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint16_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint16_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int16_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int16_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint32_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint32_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int32_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int32_t &);
-template ValueBroker<uint64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &,
-												const uint64_t &);
+template ValueBroker<uint64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const uint64_t &);
 template ValueBroker<int64_t> SaveManager::get(const string &, const int64_t &);
 template ValueBroker<float> SaveManager::get(const string &, const float &);
 template ValueBroker<double> SaveManager::get(const string &, const double &);
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
index 4be85fb..3d8c852 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SaveManager.h
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Get a read/write reference to a value and initialize it if it does not yet exist
 	 *
 	 * \param key  The value key
-	 * \param default_value  Value to initialize \c key with if it does not already exist in the database
+	 * \param default_value  Value to initialize \c key with if it does not already exist in the
+	 * database
 	 *
 	 * \return Read/write reference to the value
 	 */
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \return Read/write reference to the value
 	 *
-	 * \note Attempting to read this value before it is initialized (i.e. set)
-	 * will result in an exception
+	 * \note Attempting to read this value before it is initialized (i.e. set) will result in an
+	 * exception
 	 */
 	template <typename T>
 	ValueBroker<T> get(const std::string & key);
@@ -102,8 +103,8 @@ private:
 	 *
 	 * \returns DB instance
 	 *
-	 * This function exists because DB is a facade class, which can't directly be
-	 * used in the API without workarounds
+	 * This function exists because DB is a facade class, which can't directly be used in the API
+	 * without workarounds
 	 *
 	 * TODO: better solution
 	 */
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
index 933edf4..88aa82d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Scene.cpp
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Scene::Scene(const std::string & name) : name(name) {}
+Scene::Scene(ComponentManager & mgr, const std::string & name)
+	: component_manager(mgr),
+	  name(name) {}
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Scene.h b/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
index f8bcc3d..0e516b6 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Scene.h
@@ -4,14 +4,23 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class SceneManager;
+class ComponentManager;
+
 class Scene {
+protected:
+	Scene(ComponentManager & mgr, const std::string & name);
+	friend class SceneManager;
+
 public:
-	Scene(const std::string & name);
 	virtual ~Scene() = default;
-	virtual void load_scene() = 0;
 
 public:
-	std::string name;
+	virtual void load_scene() = 0;
+	const std::string name;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
index dfed6ee..7fb5cb0 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
-SceneManager & SceneManager::get_instance() {
-	static SceneManager instance;
-	return instance;
-}
+SceneManager::SceneManager(ComponentManager & mgr) : component_manager(mgr) {}
 
 void SceneManager::set_next_scene(const string & name) { next_scene = name; }
 
@@ -19,18 +16,17 @@ void SceneManager::load_next_scene() {
 	// next scene not set
 	if (this->next_scene.empty()) return;
 
-	auto it
-		= find_if(this->scenes.begin(), this->scenes.end(),
-				  [&next_scene = this->next_scene](unique_ptr<Scene> & scene) {
-					  return scene->name == next_scene;
-				  });
+	auto it = find_if(this->scenes.begin(), this->scenes.end(),
+					  [&next_scene = this->next_scene](unique_ptr<Scene> & scene) {
+						  return scene->name == next_scene;
+					  });
 
 	// next scene not found
 	if (it == this->scenes.end()) return;
 	unique_ptr<Scene> & scene = *it;
 
 	// Delete all components of the current scene
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	mgr.delete_all_components();
 
 	// Load the new scene
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
index 1e0e670..e854794 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.h
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ComponentManager;
+
 class SceneManager {
 public:
-	// Singleton
-	static SceneManager & get_instance();
-	SceneManager(const SceneManager &) = delete;
-	SceneManager(SceneManager &&) = delete;
-	SceneManager & operator=(const SceneManager &) = delete;
-	SceneManager & operator=(SceneManager &&) = delete;
+	SceneManager(ComponentManager & mgr);
 
 public:
 	/**
@@ -38,11 +35,9 @@ public:
 	void load_next_scene();
 
 private:
-	SceneManager() = default;
-
-private:
 	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Scene>> scenes;
 	std::string next_scene;
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
index 8bad7b2..714f690 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/SceneManager.hpp
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+
 #include "SceneManager.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T>
 void SceneManager::add_scene(const std::string & name) {
-	static_assert(std::is_base_of<Scene, T>::value,
-				  "T must be derived from Scene");
+	using namespace std;
+	static_assert(is_base_of<Scene, T>::value, "T must be derived from Scene");
 
-	scenes.emplace_back(make_unique<T>(name));
+	Scene * scene = new T(this->component_manager, name);
+	this->scenes.emplace_back(unique_ptr<Scene>(scene));
 
 	// The first scene added, is the one that will be loaded at the beginning
 	if (next_scene.empty()) {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 390cec7..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#include "Script.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.h b/src/crepe/api/Script.h
index 49e625f..2b70379 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Script.h
@@ -2,35 +2,85 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace crepe {
-class ScriptSystem;
-}
+#include "../types.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ScriptSystem;
 class BehaviorScript;
+class ComponentManager;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script interface
+ *
+ * This class is used as a base class for user-defined scripts that can be added to game
+ * objects using the \c BehaviorScript component.
+ *
+ * \note Additional *events* (like Unity's OnDisable and OnEnable) should be implemented as
+ * member or lambda methods in derivative user script classes and registered in \c init().
+ */
 class Script {
-	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
-
 protected:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Script initialization function
+	 *
+	 * This function is called during the ScriptSystem::update() routine *before*
+	 * Script::update() if it (a) has not yet been called and (b) the \c BehaviorScript component
+	 * holding this script instance is active.
+	 */
 	virtual void init() {}
+	/**
+	 * \brief Script update function
+	 *
+	 * This function is called during the ScriptSystem::update() routine if the \c BehaviorScript
+	 * component holding this script instance is active.
+	 */
 	virtual void update() {}
-	// NOTE: additional *events* (like unity's OnDisable and OnEnable) should be
-	// implemented as member methods in derivative user script classes and
-	// registered in init(), otherwise this class will balloon in size with each
-	// added event.
+	//! ScriptSystem calls \c init() and \c update()
+	friend class crepe::ScriptSystem;
 
 protected:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get single component of type \c T on this game object (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Type of component
+	 *
+	 * \returns Reference to component
+	 *
+	 * \throws nullptr if this game object does not have a component matching type \c T
+	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	T & get_component();
+	T & get_component() const;
+	// TODO: make get_component calls for component types that can have more than 1 instance
+	// cause compile-time errors
 
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get all components of type \c T on this game object (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \tparam T Type of component
+	 *
+	 * \returns List of component references
+	 */
 	template <typename T>
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> get_components() const;
+
+protected:
+	// NOTE: Script must have a constructor without arguments so the game programmer doesn't need
+	// to manually add `using Script::Script` to their concrete script class.
+	Script() = default;
+	//! Only \c BehaviorScript instantiates Script
+	friend class BehaviorScript;
+
+private:
+	// These references are set by BehaviorScript immediately after calling the constructor of
+	// Script.
+	game_object_id_t game_object_id = -1;
+	ComponentManager * component_manager_ref = nullptr;
+	// TODO: use OptionalRef instead of pointer
 
 private:
-	friend class crepe::BehaviorScript;
-	BehaviorScript * parent = nullptr;
+	//! Flag to indicate if \c init() has been called already
+	bool initialized = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp b/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
index d96c0e8..a064a90 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Script.hpp
@@ -8,18 +8,21 @@
 namespace crepe {
 
 template <typename T>
-T & Script::get_component() {
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> all_components
-		= this->get_components<T>();
-	if (all_components.size() < 1) throw nullptr; // TODO
+T & Script::get_component() const {
+	using namespace std;
+	vector<reference_wrapper<T>> all_components = this->get_components<T>();
+	if (all_components.size() < 1)
+		throw runtime_error(
+			format("Script: no component found with type = {}", typeid(T).name()));
 
 	return all_components.back().get();
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> Script::get_components() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	return mgr.get_components_by_id<T>(this->parent->game_object_id);
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<T>> Script::get_components() const {
+	auto & mgr = *this->component_manager_ref;
+
+	return mgr.get_components_by_id<T>(this->game_object_id);
 }
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
index 6f0433f..bd2d5cf 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 #include "facade/SDLContext.h"
 
 #include "Component.h"
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 using namespace std;
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Sprite::Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const shared_ptr<Texture> image,
-			   const Color & color, const FlipSettings & flip)
+Sprite::Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const shared_ptr<Texture> image, const Color & color,
+			   const FlipSettings & flip)
 	: Component(id),
 	  color(color),
 	  flip(flip),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
index deb3f93..0192793 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Sprite.h
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "Color.h"
@@ -28,8 +27,8 @@ class AnimatorSystem;
 /**
  * \brief Represents a renderable sprite component.
  *
- * A renderable sprite that can be displayed in the game. It includes a texture,
- * color, and flip settings, and is managed in layers with defined sorting orders.
+ * A renderable sprite that can be displayed in the game. It includes a texture, color, and
+ * flip settings, and is managed in layers with defined sorting orders.
  */
 class Sprite : public Component {
 
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ public:
 	 * \param color Color tint applied to the sprite.
 	 * \param flip Flip settings for horizontal and vertical orientation.
 	 */
-	Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const std::shared_ptr<Texture> image,
-		   const Color & color, const FlipSettings & flip);
+	Sprite(game_object_id_t id, const std::shared_ptr<Texture> image, const Color & color,
+		   const FlipSettings & flip);
 
 	/**
 	 * \brief Destroys the Sprite instance.
@@ -81,7 +80,8 @@ private:
 	//! Reads the all the variables plus the  sprite_rect
 	friend class AnimatorSystem;
 
-	//! Render area of the sprite this will also be adjusted by the AnimatorSystem if an Animator object is present in GameObject
+	//! Render area of the sprite this will also be adjusted by the AnimatorSystem if an Animator
+	// object is present in GameObject
 	Rect sprite_rect;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
index 8ce65c2..734a5bb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Texture.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <SDL2/SDL_render.h>
 
 #include "../facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Asset.h"
 #include "Texture.h"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Texture::~Texture() {
 
 void Texture::load(unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
 	SDLContext & ctx = SDLContext::get_instance();
-	this->texture = std::move(ctx.texture_from_path(res->canonical()));
+	this->texture = std::move(ctx.texture_from_path(res->get_canonical()));
 }
 
 int Texture::get_width() const {
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Texture.h b/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
index b89bc17..6965223 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Texture.h
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-// FIXME: this header can't be included because this is an API header, and SDL2
-// development headers won't be bundled with crepe. Why is this facade in the
-// API namespace?
+// FIXME: this header can't be included because this is an API header, and SDL2 development
+// headers won't be bundled with crepe. Why is this facade in the API namespace?
 
 #include <SDL2/SDL_render.h>
 #include <functional>
@@ -19,8 +18,8 @@ class Animator;
  * \class Texture
  * \brief Manages texture loading and properties.
  *
- * The Texture class is responsible for loading an image from a source
- * and providing access to its dimensions. Textures can be used for rendering.
+ * The Texture class is responsible for loading an image from a source and providing access to
+ * its dimensions. Textures can be used for rendering.
  */
 class Texture {
 
@@ -41,8 +40,7 @@ public:
 	 * \brief Destroys the Texture instance, freeing associated resources.
 	 */
 	~Texture();
-	// FIXME: this constructor shouldn't be necessary because this class doesn't
-	// manage memory
+	// FIXME: this constructor shouldn't be necessary because this class doesn't manage memory
 
 	/**
 	 * \brief Gets the width of the texture.
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
index e401120..cd944bd 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Transform.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Transform.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-Transform::Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point,
-					 double rotation, double scale)
+Transform::Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation, double scale)
 	: Component(id),
 	  position(point),
 	  rotation(rotation),
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Transform.h b/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
index 756e45b..18aa293 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Transform.h
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Transform component
  * 
- * This class represents the Transform component. It stores the position,
- * rotation and scale of a GameObject.
+ * This class represents the Transform component. It stores the position, rotation and scale of
+ * a GameObject.
  */
 class Transform : public Component {
 public:
+	//! Translation (shift)
+	Vector2 position = {0, 0};
+	//! Rotation, in degrees
+	double rotation = 0;
+	//! Multiplication factor
+	double scale = 0;
+
+protected:
 	/**
 	 * \param id The id of the GameObject this component belongs to
 	 * \param point The position of the GameObject
 	 * \param rotation The rotation of the GameObject
 	 * \param scale The scale of the GameObject
 	 */
-	Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation,
-			  double scale);
+	Transform(game_object_id_t id, const Vector2 & point, double rotation, double scale);
 	/**
-	 * \brief Get the maximum number of instances for this component
-	 *
-	 * \return The maximum number of instances for this component
+	 * There is always exactly one transform component per entity
+	 * \return 1
 	 */
 	virtual int get_instances_max() const { return 1; }
-
-public:
-	//! Translation (shift)
-	Vector2 position;
-	//! Rotation, in degrees
-	double rotation;
-	//! Multiplication factor
-	double scale;
+	//! ComponentManager instantiates all components
+	friend class ComponentManager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
index 09b3fa3..30b968e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.cpp
@@ -1,57 +1,33 @@
 #include "Vector2.h"
 
-namespace crepe {
+using namespace crepe;
 
-// Constructor with initial values
-Vector2::Vector2(double x, double y) : x(x), y(y) {}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator-(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x - other.x, y - other.y}; }
 
-// Subtracts another vector from this vector and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator-(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return {x - other.x, y - other.y};
-}
-
-// Adds another vector to this vector and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator+(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return {x + other.x, y + other.y};
-}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator+(const Vector2 & other) const { return {x + other.x, y + other.y}; }
 
-// Multiplies this vector by a scalar and returns the result.
-Vector2 Vector2::operator*(double scalar) const {
-	return {x * scalar, y * scalar};
-}
+Vector2 Vector2::operator*(double scalar) const { return {x * scalar, y * scalar}; }
 
-// Multiplies this vector by another vector element-wise and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator*=(const Vector2 & other) {
 	x *= other.x;
 	y *= other.y;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Adds another vector to this vector and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator+=(const Vector2 & other) {
 	x += other.x;
 	y += other.y;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Adds a scalar value to both components of this vector and updates this vector.
 Vector2 & Vector2::operator+=(double other) {
 	x += other;
 	y += other;
 	return *this;
 }
 
-// Returns the negation of this vector.
 Vector2 Vector2::operator-() const { return {-x, -y}; }
 
-// Checks if this vector is equal to another vector.
-bool Vector2::operator==(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return x == other.x && y == other.y;
-}
-
-// Checks if this vector is not equal to another vector.
-bool Vector2::operator!=(const Vector2 & other) const {
-	return !(*this == other);
-}
+bool Vector2::operator==(const Vector2 & other) const { return x == other.x && y == other.y; }
 
-} // namespace crepe
+bool Vector2::operator!=(const Vector2 & other) const { return !(*this == other); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
index 5a57484..2fb6136 100644
--- a/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
+++ b/src/crepe/api/Vector2.h
@@ -2,19 +2,12 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-//! Vector2 class
-class Vector2 {
-public:
+//! 2D vector
+struct Vector2 {
 	//! X component of the vector
-	double x;
+	double x = 0;
 	//! Y component of the vector
-	double y;
-
-	//! Default constructor
-	Vector2() = default;
-
-	//! Constructor with initial values
-	Vector2(double x, double y);
+	double y = 0;
 
 	//! Subtracts another vector from this vector and returns the result.
 	Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 & other) const;
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
index 0a2f455..d5d19dc 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/DB.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include <cstring>
 
-#include "Exception.h"
-#include "util/log.h"
+#include "util/Log.h"
 
 #include "DB.h"
 
@@ -15,19 +14,18 @@ DB::DB(const string & path) {
 	// init database struct
 	libdb::DB * db;
 	if ((ret = libdb::db_create(&db, NULL, 0)) != 0)
-		throw Exception("db_create: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+		throw runtime_error(format("db_create: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 	this->db = {db, [](libdb::DB * db) { db->close(db, 0); }};
 
 	// load or create database file
-	if ((ret = this->db->open(this->db.get(), NULL, path.c_str(), NULL,
-							  libdb::DB_BTREE, DB_CREATE, 0))
-		!= 0)
-		throw Exception("db->open: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	ret = this->db->open(this->db.get(), NULL, path.c_str(), NULL, libdb::DB_BTREE, DB_CREATE,
+						 0);
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("db->open: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 
 	// create cursor
 	libdb::DBC * cursor;
-	if ((ret = this->db->cursor(this->db.get(), NULL, &cursor, 0)) != 0)
-		throw Exception("db->cursor: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	ret = this->db->cursor(this->db.get(), NULL, &cursor, 0);
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("db->cursor: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 	this->cursor = {cursor, [](libdb::DBC * cursor) { cursor->close(cursor); }};
 }
 
@@ -45,21 +43,24 @@ string DB::get(const string & key) {
 	memset(&db_val, 0, sizeof(libdb::DBT));
 
 	int ret = this->cursor->get(this->cursor.get(), &db_key, &db_val, DB_FIRST);
-	if (ret != 0) throw Exception("cursor->get: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
-	return {static_cast<char *>(db_val.data), db_val.size};
+	if (ret == 0) return {static_cast<char *>(db_val.data), db_val.size};
+
+	string err = format("cursor->get: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	if (ret == DB_NOTFOUND) throw out_of_range(err);
+	else throw runtime_error(err);
 }
 
 void DB::set(const string & key, const string & value) {
 	libdb::DBT db_key = this->to_thing(key);
 	libdb::DBT db_val = this->to_thing(value);
 	int ret = this->db->put(this->db.get(), NULL, &db_key, &db_val, 0);
-	if (ret != 0) throw Exception("cursor->get: %s", libdb::db_strerror(ret));
+	if (ret != 0) throw runtime_error(format("cursor->get: {}", libdb::db_strerror(ret)));
 }
 
-bool DB::has(const std::string & key) noexcept {
+bool DB::has(const std::string & key) {
 	try {
 		this->get(key);
-	} catch (...) {
+	} catch (std::out_of_range &) {
 		return false;
 	}
 	return true;
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/DB.h b/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
index 7c757a2..629b0eb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/DB.h
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Berkeley DB facade
  *
- * Berkeley DB is a simple key-value database that stores arbitrary data as
- * both key and value. This facade uses STL strings as keys/values.
+ * Berkeley DB is a simple key-value database that stores arbitrary data as both key and value.
+ * This facade uses STL strings as keys/values.
  */
 class DB {
 public:
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \return The value
 	 *
-	 * \throws Exception if value is not found in DB or other error occurs
+	 * \throws std::out_of_range if value is not found in DB
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if other error occurs
 	 */
 	std::string get(const std::string & key);
 	/**
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public:
 	 * \param key  The value key
 	 * \param value  The value to store
 	 *
-	 * \throws Exception if an error occurs
+	 * \throws std::runtime_error if an error occurs
 	 */
 	void set(const std::string & key, const std::string & value);
 	/**
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ public:
 	 *
 	 * \returns True if the key exists, or false if it does not
 	 */
-	bool has(const std::string & key) noexcept;
+	bool has(const std::string & key);
 
 private:
 	//! RAII wrapper around \c DB struct
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
index c78a3ca..b56b5e7 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.cpp
@@ -12,17 +12,16 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <utility>
 
 #include "../api/Sprite.h"
 #include "../api/Texture.h"
 #include "../api/Transform.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
-#include "Exception.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "SDLContext.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
 SDLContext & SDLContext::get_instance() {
 	static SDLContext instance;
@@ -35,41 +34,37 @@ SDLContext::SDLContext() {
 
 	if (SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) < 0) {
 		// FIXME: throw exception
-		std::cerr << "SDL could not initialize! SDL_Error: " << SDL_GetError()
-				  << std::endl;
+		std::cerr << "SDL could not initialize! SDL_Error: " << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
 		return;
 	}
-	SDL_Window * tmp_window = SDL_CreateWindow(
-		"Crepe Game Engine", SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED,
-		this->viewport.w, this->viewport.h, 0);
+	SDL_Window * tmp_window
+		= SDL_CreateWindow("Crepe Game Engine", SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED,
+						   this->viewport.w, this->viewport.h, 0);
 	if (!tmp_window) {
 		// FIXME: throw exception
-		std::cerr << "Window could not be created! SDL_Error: "
-				  << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
+		std::cerr << "Window could not be created! SDL_Error: " << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
 		return;
 	}
-	this->game_window
-		= {tmp_window, [](SDL_Window * window) { SDL_DestroyWindow(window); }};
+	this->game_window = {tmp_window, [](SDL_Window * window) { SDL_DestroyWindow(window); }};
 
-	SDL_Renderer * tmp_renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(
-		this->game_window.get(), -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED);
+	SDL_Renderer * tmp_renderer
+		= SDL_CreateRenderer(this->game_window.get(), -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED);
 	if (!tmp_renderer) {
 		// FIXME: throw exception
-		std::cerr << "Renderer could not be created! SDL_Error: "
-				  << SDL_GetError() << std::endl;
+		std::cerr << "Renderer could not be created! SDL_Error: " << SDL_GetError()
+				  << std::endl;
 		SDL_DestroyWindow(this->game_window.get());
 		return;
 	}
 
-	this->game_renderer = {tmp_renderer, [](SDL_Renderer * renderer) {
-							   SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-						   }};
+	this->game_renderer
+		= {tmp_renderer, [](SDL_Renderer * renderer) { SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer); }};
 
 	int img_flags = IMG_INIT_PNG;
 	if (!(IMG_Init(img_flags) & img_flags)) {
 		// FIXME: throw exception
-		std::cout << "SDL_image could not initialize! SDL_image Error: "
-				  << IMG_GetError() << std::endl;
+		std::cout << "SDL_image could not initialize! SDL_image Error: " << IMG_GetError()
+				  << std::endl;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -108,9 +103,7 @@ void SDLContext::handle_events(bool & running) {
 }
 
 void SDLContext::clear_screen() { SDL_RenderClear(this->game_renderer.get()); }
-void SDLContext::present_screen() {
-	SDL_RenderPresent(this->game_renderer.get());
-}
+void SDLContext::present_screen() { SDL_RenderPresent(this->game_renderer.get()); }
 
 void SDLContext::set_rbg_texture(const std::shared_ptr<Texture>& texture, const uint8_t& r, const uint8_t& g, const uint8_t& b){
 	SDL_SetTextureColorMod(texture->texture.get(), r, g, b);
@@ -119,8 +112,7 @@ void SDLContext::set_alpha_texture(const std::shared_ptr<Texture>& texture, cons
 	SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod(texture->texture.get(), alpha	);
 }
 
-void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
-					  const Camera & cam) {
+void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform, const Camera & cam) {
 
 	SDL_RendererFlip render_flip
 		= (SDL_RendererFlip) ((SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL * sprite.flip.flip_x)
@@ -151,9 +143,7 @@ void SDLContext::draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
 		.h = static_cast<int>(adjusted_h),
 	};
 
-	SDL_RenderCopyEx(this->game_renderer.get(),
-					 sprite.sprite_image->texture.get(), &srcrect,
-
+	SDL_RenderCopyEx(this->game_renderer.get(), sprite.sprite_image->texture.get(), &srcrect,
 					 &dstrect, transform.rotation, NULL, render_flip);
 }
 
@@ -163,8 +153,8 @@ void SDLContext::camera(const Camera & cam) {
 	this->viewport.x = static_cast<int>(cam.x) - (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2);
 	this->viewport.y = static_cast<int>(cam.y) - (SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2);
 
-	SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(this->game_renderer.get(), cam.bg_color.r,
-						   cam.bg_color.g, cam.bg_color.b, cam.bg_color.a);
+	SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(this->game_renderer.get(), cam.bg_color.r, cam.bg_color.g,
+						   cam.bg_color.b, cam.bg_color.a);
 }
 
 uint64_t SDLContext::get_ticks() const { return SDL_GetTicks64(); }
@@ -177,22 +167,18 @@ SDLContext::texture_from_path(const std::string & path) {
 		tmp = IMG_Load("../asset/texture/ERROR.png");
 	}
 
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Surface, std::function<void(SDL_Surface *)>>
-		img_surface;
-	img_surface
-		= {tmp, [](SDL_Surface * surface) { SDL_FreeSurface(surface); }};
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Surface, std::function<void(SDL_Surface *)>> img_surface;
+	img_surface = {tmp, [](SDL_Surface * surface) { SDL_FreeSurface(surface); }};
 
-	SDL_Texture * tmp_texture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(
-		this->game_renderer.get(), img_surface.get());
+	SDL_Texture * tmp_texture
+		= SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(this->game_renderer.get(), img_surface.get());
 
 	if (tmp_texture == nullptr) {
-		throw Exception("Texture cannot be load from %s", path.c_str());
+		throw runtime_error(format("Texture cannot be load from {}", path));
 	}
 
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Texture, std::function<void(SDL_Texture *)>>
-		img_texture;
-	img_texture = {tmp_texture,
-				   [](SDL_Texture * texture) { SDL_DestroyTexture(texture); }};
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Texture, std::function<void(SDL_Texture *)>> img_texture;
+	img_texture = {tmp_texture, [](SDL_Texture * texture) { SDL_DestroyTexture(texture); }};
 
 	return img_texture;
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
index 5b5ee3e..8cbd5fa 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SDLContext.h
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ const int SCREEN_HEIGHT = 480;
 
 namespace crepe {
 
-// TODO: SDL_Keycode is defined in a header not distributed with crepe, which
-// means this typedef is unusable when crepe is packaged. Wouter will fix this
-// later.
+// TODO: SDL_Keycode is defined in a header not distributed with crepe, which means this
+// typedef is unusable when crepe is packaged. Wouter will fix this later.
 typedef SDL_Keycode CREPE_KEYCODES;
 
 class Texture;
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ class LoopManager;
  * \class SDLContext
  * \brief Facade for the SDL library
  * 
- * SDLContext is a singleton that handles the SDL window and renderer, provides methods
- * for event handling, and rendering to the screen. It is never used directly by the user
+ * SDLContext is a singleton that handles the SDL window and renderer, provides methods for
+ * event handling, and rendering to the screen. It is never used directly by the user
  */
 class SDLContext {
 
@@ -70,9 +69,8 @@ private:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Pauses the execution for a specified duration.
 	 *
-	 * This function uses SDL's delay function to halt the program execution
-	 * for a given number of milliseconds, allowing for frame rate control
-	 * or other timing-related functionality.
+	 * This function uses SDL's delay function to halt the program execution for a given number
+	 * of milliseconds, allowing for frame rate control or other timing-related functionality.
 	 *
 	 * \param ms Duration of the delay in milliseconds.
 	 */
@@ -129,8 +127,7 @@ private:
 	 * \param transform Reference to the Transform for positioning.
 	 * \param camera Reference to the Camera for view adjustments.
 	 */
-	void draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform,
-			  const Camera & camera);
+	void draw(const Sprite & sprite, const Transform & transform, const Camera & camera);
 
 	void draw_particle(const Vector2 & pos, const Camera & camera);
 
@@ -173,8 +170,7 @@ private:
 	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Window, std::function<void(SDL_Window *)>> game_window;
 
 	//! renderer for the crepe engine
-	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Renderer, std::function<void(SDL_Renderer *)>>
-		game_renderer;
+	std::unique_ptr<SDL_Renderer, std::function<void(SDL_Renderer *)>> game_renderer;
 
 	//! viewport for the camera window
 	SDL_Rect viewport = {0, 0, 640, 480};
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
index 648ec81..7aa89a9 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.cpp
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "Sound.h"
 #include "SoundContext.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
 
-Sound::Sound(std::unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
+Sound::Sound(unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
 	dbg_trace();
 	this->load(std::move(res));
 }
 
 Sound::Sound(const char * src) {
 	dbg_trace();
-	this->load(std::make_unique<Asset>(src));
+	this->load(make_unique<Asset>(src));
 }
 
-void Sound::load(std::unique_ptr<Asset> res) {
-	this->sample.load(res->canonical());
-}
+void Sound::load(unique_ptr<Asset> res) { this->sample.load(res->get_canonical().c_str()); }
 
 void Sound::play() {
 	SoundContext & ctx = SoundContext::get_instance();
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
index 183bd7c..32b6478 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/Sound.h
@@ -8,34 +8,37 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Sound resource facade
+ *
+ * This class is a wrapper around a \c SoLoud::Wav instance, which holds a
+ * single sample. It is part of the sound facade.
+ */
 class Sound {
 public:
 	/**
 	 * \brief Pause this sample
 	 *
-	 * Pauses this sound if it is playing, or does nothing if it is already
-	 * paused. The playhead position is saved, such that calling \c play() after
-	 * this function makes the sound resume.
+	 * Pauses this sound if it is playing, or does nothing if it is already paused. The playhead
+	 * position is saved, such that calling \c play() after this function makes the sound resume.
 	 */
 	void pause();
 	/**
 	 * \brief Play this sample
 	 *
-	 * Resume playback if this sound is paused, or start from the beginning of
-	 * the sample.
+	 * Resume playback if this sound is paused, or start from the beginning of the sample.
 	 *
-	 * \note This class only saves a reference to the most recent 'voice' of this
-	 * sound. Calling \c play() while the sound is already playing causes
-	 * multiple instances of the sample to play simultaniously. The sample
-	 * started last is the one that is controlled afterwards.
+	 * \note This class only saves a reference to the most recent 'voice' of this sound. Calling
+	 * \c play() while the sound is already playing causes multiple instances of the sample to
+	 * play simultaniously. The sample started last is the one that is controlled afterwards.
 	 */
 	void play();
 	/**
 	 * \brief Reset playhead position
 	 * 
-	 * Resets the playhead position so that calling \c play() after this function
-	 * makes it play from the start of the sample. If the sound is not paused
-	 * before calling this function, this function will stop playback.
+	 * Resets the playhead position so that calling \c play() after this function makes it play
+	 * from the start of the sample. If the sound is not paused before calling this function,
+	 * this function will stop playback.
 	 */
 	void rewind();
 	/**
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
index 5e5a3a9..deb2b62 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "../util/log.h"
+#include "../util/Log.h"
 
 #include "SoundContext.h"
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
index d3123d2..d703c16 100644
--- a/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
+++ b/src/crepe/facade/SoundContext.h
@@ -6,19 +6,24 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Sound engine facade
+ *
+ * This class is a wrapper around a \c SoLoud::Soloud instance, which provides
+ * the methods for playing \c Sound instances. It is part of the sound facade.
+ */
 class SoundContext {
 private:
+	// singleton
 	SoundContext();
 	virtual ~SoundContext();
-
-	// singleton
-	static SoundContext & get_instance();
 	SoundContext(const SoundContext &) = delete;
 	SoundContext(SoundContext &&) = delete;
 	SoundContext & operator=(const SoundContext &) = delete;
 	SoundContext & operator=(SoundContext &&) = delete;
 
 private:
+	static SoundContext & get_instance();
 	SoLoud::Soloud engine;
 	friend class Sound;
 };
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
index bf45362..9d18873 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.cpp
@@ -1,27 +1,17 @@
-
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "api/Animator.h"
 #include "facade/SDLContext.h"
-#include "util/log.h"
 
 #include "AnimatorSystem.h"
 #include "ComponentManager.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-AnimatorSystem::AnimatorSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-AnimatorSystem::~AnimatorSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-AnimatorSystem & AnimatorSystem::get_instance() {
-	static AnimatorSystem instance;
-	return instance;
-}
-
 void AnimatorSystem::update() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Animator>> animations
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Animator>();
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
index 969e9d1..56cc7b3 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/AnimatorSystem.h
@@ -17,28 +17,16 @@ namespace crepe {
 class AnimatorSystem : public System {
 
 public:
-	/**
-	 * \brief Retrieves the singleton instance of the AnimatorSystem.
-	 *
-	 * \return A reference to the single instance of the AnimatorSystem.
-	 *
-	 * This method ensures that there is only one instance of the AnimatorSystem, following the
-	 * singleton design pattern. It can be used to access the system globally.
-	 */
-	static AnimatorSystem & get_instance();
-
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the Animator components.
 	 *
 	 * This method is called periodically (likely every frame) to update the state of all
-	 * Animator components, moving the animations forward and managing their behavior (e.g., looping).
+	 * Animator components, moving the animations forward and managing their behavior (e.g.,
+	 * looping).
 	 */
 	void update() override;
-
-private:
-	// private because singleton
-	AnimatorSystem(); // dbg_trace
-	~AnimatorSystem(); // dbg_trace
+	// FIXME: never say "likely" in the documentation lmao
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
index 4c18b87..d658b25 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
+	System.cpp
 	ParticleSystem.cpp
 	ScriptSystem.cpp
 	PhysicsSystem.cpp
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
index 55e0fdc..c74ca1d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,4 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-CollisionSystem::CollisionSystem() {}
-
 void CollisionSystem::update() {}
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
index 1e9f1aa..c1a70d8 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/CollisionSystem.h
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "System.h"
+
 namespace crepe {
 
-class CollisionSystem {
+class CollisionSystem : public System {
 public:
-	CollisionSystem();
-	void update();
+	using System::System;
+	void update() override;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
index e7a3bec..7316309 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.cpp
@@ -13,20 +13,17 @@ using namespace crepe;
 
 void ParticleSystem::update() {
 	// Get all emitters
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<ParticleEmitter>> emitters
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<ParticleEmitter>();
 
 	for (ParticleEmitter & emitter : emitters) {
 		// Get transform linked to emitter
 		const Transform & transform
-			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(emitter.game_object_id)
-				  .front()
-				  .get();
+			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(emitter.game_object_id).front().get();
 
 		// Emit particles based on emission_rate
-		int updates
-			= calculate_update(this->update_count, emitter.data.emission_rate);
+		int updates = calculate_update(this->update_count, emitter.data.emission_rate);
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < updates; i++) {
 			emit_particle(emitter, transform);
 		}
@@ -45,8 +42,7 @@ void ParticleSystem::update() {
 	this->update_count = (this->update_count + 1) % this->MAX_UPDATE_COUNT;
 }
 
-void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
-								   const Transform & transform) {
+void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform) {
 	constexpr double DEG_TO_RAD = M_PI / 180.0;
 
 	Vector2 initial_position = emitter.data.position + transform.position;
@@ -57,13 +53,13 @@ void ParticleSystem::emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 		= generate_random_speed(emitter.data.min_speed, emitter.data.max_speed);
 	double angle_radians = random_angle * DEG_TO_RAD;
 
-	Vector2 velocity = {random_speed * std::cos(angle_radians),
-						random_speed * std::sin(angle_radians)};
+	Vector2 velocity
+		= {random_speed * std::cos(angle_radians), random_speed * std::sin(angle_radians)};
 
 	for (Particle & particle : emitter.data.particles) {
 		if (!particle.active) {
-			particle.reset(emitter.data.end_lifespan, initial_position,
-						   velocity, random_angle);
+			particle.reset(emitter.data.end_lifespan, initial_position, velocity,
+						   random_angle);
 			break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -81,10 +77,8 @@ int ParticleSystem::calculate_update(int count, double emission) const {
 	return static_cast<int>(emission);
 }
 
-void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
-								  const Transform & transform) {
-	Vector2 offset = emitter.data.boundary.offset + transform.position
-					 + emitter.data.position;
+void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform) {
+	Vector2 offset = emitter.data.boundary.offset + transform.position + emitter.data.position;
 	double half_width = emitter.data.boundary.width / 2.0;
 	double half_height = emitter.data.boundary.height / 2.0;
 
@@ -95,8 +89,8 @@ void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 
 	for (Particle & particle : emitter.data.particles) {
 		const Vector2 & position = particle.position;
-		bool within_bounds = (position.x >= LEFT && position.x <= RIGHT
-							  && position.y >= TOP && position.y <= BOTTOM);
+		bool within_bounds = (position.x >= LEFT && position.x <= RIGHT && position.y >= TOP
+							  && position.y <= BOTTOM);
 
 		if (!within_bounds) {
 			if (emitter.data.boundary.reset_on_exit) {
@@ -112,30 +106,25 @@ void ParticleSystem::check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter,
 	}
 }
 
-double ParticleSystem::generate_random_angle(double min_angle,
-											 double max_angle) const {
+double ParticleSystem::generate_random_angle(double min_angle, double max_angle) const {
 	if (min_angle == max_angle) {
 		return min_angle;
 	} else if (min_angle < max_angle) {
 		return min_angle
-			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand()
-									 % static_cast<int>(max_angle - min_angle));
+			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(max_angle - min_angle));
 	} else {
 		double angle_offset = (360 - min_angle) + max_angle;
-		double random_angle = min_angle
-							  + static_cast<double>(
-								  std::rand() % static_cast<int>(angle_offset));
+		double random_angle
+			= min_angle + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(angle_offset));
 		return (random_angle >= 360) ? random_angle - 360 : random_angle;
 	}
 }
 
-double ParticleSystem::generate_random_speed(double min_speed,
-											 double max_speed) const {
+double ParticleSystem::generate_random_speed(double min_speed, double max_speed) const {
 	if (min_speed == max_speed) {
 		return min_speed;
 	} else {
 		return min_speed
-			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand()
-									 % static_cast<int>(max_speed - min_speed));
+			   + static_cast<double>(std::rand() % static_cast<int>(max_speed - min_speed));
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
index d7ca148..c647284 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ParticleSystem.h
@@ -5,66 +5,75 @@
 #include "System.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 class ParticleEmitter;
 class Transform;
+
 /**
- 	* \brief ParticleSystem class responsible for managing particle emission, updates, and bounds checking.
- 	*/
+ * \brief ParticleSystem class responsible for managing particle emission, updates, and bounds
+ * checking.
+ */
 class ParticleSystem : public System {
 public:
+	using System::System;
 	/**
-		* \brief Updates all particle emitters by emitting particles, updating particle states, and checking bounds.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Updates all particle emitters by emitting particles, updating particle states, and
+	 * checking bounds.
+	 */
 	void update() override;
 
 private:
 	/**
-		* \brief Emits a particle from the specified emitter based on its emission properties.
-		* 
-		* \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
-		* \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Emits a particle from the specified emitter based on its emission properties.
+	 * 
+	 * \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
+	 * \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
+	 */
 	void emit_particle(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform);
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Calculates the number of times particles should be emitted based on emission rate and update count.
-		* 
-		* \param count Current update count.
-		* \param emission Emission rate.
-		* \return The number of particles to emit.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Calculates the number of times particles should be emitted based on emission rate
+	 * and update count.
+	 * 
+	 * \param count Current update count.
+	 * \param emission Emission rate.
+	 * \return The number of particles to emit.
+	 */
 	int calculate_update(int count, double emission) const;
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Checks whether particles are within the emitter’s boundary, resets or stops particles if they exit.
-		* 
-		* \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
-		* \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Checks whether particles are within the emitter’s boundary, resets or stops
+	 * particles if they exit.
+	 * 
+	 * \param emitter Reference to the ParticleEmitter.
+	 * \param transform Const reference to the Transform component associated with the emitter.
+	 */
 	void check_bounds(ParticleEmitter & emitter, const Transform & transform);
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Generates a random angle for particle emission within the specified range.
-		* 
-		* \param min_angle Minimum emission angle in degrees.
-		* \param max_angle Maximum emission angle in degrees.
-		* \return Random angle in degrees.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Generates a random angle for particle emission within the specified range.
+	 * 
+	 * \param min_angle Minimum emission angle in degrees.
+	 * \param max_angle Maximum emission angle in degrees.
+	 * \return Random angle in degrees.
+	 */
 	double generate_random_angle(double min_angle, double max_angle) const;
 
 	/**
-		* \brief Generates a random speed for particle emission within the specified range.
-		* 
-		* \param min_speed Minimum emission speed.
-		* \param max_speed Maximum emission speed.
-		* \return Random speed.
-		*/
+	 * \brief Generates a random speed for particle emission within the specified range.
+	 * 
+	 * \param min_speed Minimum emission speed.
+	 * \param max_speed Maximum emission speed.
+	 * \return Random speed.
+	 */
 	double generate_random_speed(double min_speed, double max_speed) const;
 
 private:
-	//! Counter to count updates to determine how many times emit_particle is called.
+	//! Counter to count updates to determine how many times emit_particle is
+	// called.
 	unsigned int update_count = 0;
-	//! Determines the lowest amount of emission rate (1000 = 0.001 = 1 particle per 1000 updates).
+	//! Determines the lowest amount of emission rate (1000 = 0.001 = 1 particle per 1000
+	// updates).
 	static constexpr unsigned int MAX_UPDATE_COUNT = 100;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
index eb54ad3..4a7dbfb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 using namespace crepe;
 
 void PhysicsSystem::update() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Rigidbody>();
 	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
@@ -29,17 +29,15 @@ void PhysicsSystem::update() {
 						// Add gravity
 						if (rigidbody.data.use_gravity) {
 							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y
-								+= (rigidbody.data.mass
-									* rigidbody.data.gravity_scale * gravity);
+								+= (rigidbody.data.mass * rigidbody.data.gravity_scale
+									* gravity);
 						}
 						// Add damping
 						if (rigidbody.data.angular_damping != 0) {
-							rigidbody.data.angular_velocity
-								*= rigidbody.data.angular_damping;
+							rigidbody.data.angular_velocity *= rigidbody.data.angular_damping;
 						}
 						if (rigidbody.data.linear_damping != Vector2{0, 0}) {
-							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity
-								*= rigidbody.data.linear_damping;
+							rigidbody.data.linear_velocity *= rigidbody.data.linear_damping;
 						}
 
 						// Max velocity check
@@ -75,21 +73,17 @@ void PhysicsSystem::update() {
 
 						// Move object
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.rotation) {
-							transform.rotation
-								+= rigidbody.data.angular_velocity;
-							transform.rotation
-								= std::fmod(transform.rotation, 360.0);
+							transform.rotation += rigidbody.data.angular_velocity;
+							transform.rotation = std::fmod(transform.rotation, 360.0);
 							if (transform.rotation < 0) {
 								transform.rotation += 360.0;
 							}
 						}
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.x) {
-							transform.position.x
-								+= rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x;
+							transform.position.x += rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x;
 						}
 						if (!rigidbody.data.constraints.y) {
-							transform.position.y
-								+= rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y;
+							transform.position.y += rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y;
 						}
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
index 038c120..227ab69 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/PhysicsSystem.h
@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
 #include "System.h"
 
 namespace crepe {
+
 /**
  * \brief System that controls all physics
  * 
- * This class is a physics system that uses a rigidbody and transform
- * to add physics to a game object.
+ * This class is a physics system that uses a rigidbody and transform to add physics to a game
+ * object.
  */
 class PhysicsSystem : public System {
 public:
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief updates the physics system.
 	 * 
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
index 17a2337..52dd5fc 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.cpp
@@ -15,27 +15,13 @@
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
-RenderSystem::RenderSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
+void RenderSystem::clear_screen() const { SDLContext::get_instance().clear_screen(); }
 
-RenderSystem::~RenderSystem() { dbg_trace(); }
-
-RenderSystem & RenderSystem::get_instance() {
-	static RenderSystem instance;
-	return instance;
-}
-
-void RenderSystem::clear_screen() const {
-	SDLContext::get_instance().clear_screen();
-}
-
-void RenderSystem::present_screen() const {
-	SDLContext::get_instance().present_screen();
-}
+void RenderSystem::present_screen() const { SDLContext::get_instance().present_screen(); }
 void RenderSystem::update_camera() {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Camera>> cameras
-		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Camera>();
+	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Camera>> cameras = mgr.get_components_by_type<Camera>();
 
 	for (Camera & cam : cameras) {
 		SDLContext::get_instance().camera(cam);
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
index 6529d41..ebad05d 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/RenderSystem.h
@@ -12,19 +12,13 @@ namespace crepe {
  * \class RenderSystem
  * \brief Manages rendering operations for all game objects.
  *
- * RenderSystem is responsible for rendering sprites, clearing and presenting the screen, 
- * and managing the active camera. It functions as a singleton, providing centralized 
- * rendering services for the application.
+ * RenderSystem is responsible for rendering sprites, clearing and presenting the screen, and
+ * managing the active camera. It functions as a singleton, providing centralized rendering
+ * services for the application.
  */
 class RenderSystem : public System {
-
 public:
-	/**
-	 * \brief Gets the singleton instance of RenderSystem.
-	 * \return Reference to the RenderSystem instance.
-	 */
-	static RenderSystem & get_instance();
-
+	using System::System;
 	/**
 	 * \brief Updates the RenderSystem for the current frame.
 	 * This method is called to perform all rendering operations for the current game frame.
@@ -32,10 +26,6 @@ public:
 	void update() override;
 
 private:
-	// Private constructor to enforce singleton pattern.
-	RenderSystem();
-	~RenderSystem();
-
 	//! Clears the screen in preparation for rendering.
 	void clear_screen() const;
 
@@ -72,4 +62,5 @@ private:
 	Camera * curr_cam = nullptr;
 	// TODO: needs a better solution
 };
+
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
index f2673e7..c4d724c 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include "../ComponentManager.h"
 #include "../api/BehaviorScript.h"
 #include "../api/Script.h"
-#include "../util/log.h"
 
 #include "ScriptSystem.h"
 
@@ -13,16 +12,23 @@ using namespace std;
 using namespace crepe;
 
 void ScriptSystem::update() {
-	using namespace std;
 	dbg_trace();
 
-	forward_list<Script *> scripts = this->get_scripts();
-	for (Script * script : scripts) script->update();
+	forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> scripts = this->get_scripts();
+
+	for (auto & script_ref : scripts) {
+		Script & script = script_ref.get();
+		if (!script.initialized) {
+			script.init();
+			script.initialized = true;
+		}
+		script.update();
+	}
 }
 
-forward_list<Script *> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() {
-	forward_list<Script *> scripts = {};
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() const {
+	forward_list<reference_wrapper<Script>> scripts = {};
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 	vector<reference_wrapper<BehaviorScript>> behavior_scripts
 		= mgr.get_components_by_type<BehaviorScript>();
 
@@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ forward_list<Script *> ScriptSystem::get_scripts() {
 		if (!behavior_script.active) continue;
 		Script * script = behavior_script.script.get();
 		if (script == nullptr) continue;
-		scripts.push_front(script);
+		scripts.push_front(*script);
 	}
 
 	return scripts;
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
index 4fa6141..deb89cb 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h
@@ -8,13 +8,32 @@ namespace crepe {
 
 class Script;
 
+/**
+ * \brief Script system
+ * 
+ * The script system is responsible for all \c BehaviorScript components, and
+ * calls the methods on classes derived from \c Script.
+ */
 class ScriptSystem : public System {
 public:
-	void update();
+	using System::System;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Call Script::update() on all active \c BehaviorScript instances
+	 *
+	 * This routine updates all scripts sequentially using the Script::update()
+	 * method. It also calls Script::init() if this has not been done before on
+	 * the \c BehaviorScript instance.
+	 */
+	void update() override;
 
 private:
-	// TODO: to forward_list<reference_wrapper>
-	std::forward_list<Script *> get_scripts();
+	/**
+	 * \brief Aggregate all active \c BehaviorScript components and return a list
+	 * of references to their \c Script instances (utility)
+	 *
+	 * \returns List of active \c Script instances
+	 */
+	std::forward_list<std::reference_wrapper<Script>> get_scripts() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/System.cpp b/src/crepe/system/System.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..937a423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/system/System.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "../util/Log.h"
+
+#include "System.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+
+System::System(ComponentManager & mgr) : component_manager(mgr) { dbg_trace(); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/system/System.h b/src/crepe/system/System.h
index 3b81bef..28ea20e 100644
--- a/src/crepe/system/System.h
+++ b/src/crepe/system/System.h
@@ -2,13 +2,28 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+class ComponentManager;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Base ECS system class
+ *
+ * This class is used as the base for all system classes. Classes derived from
+ * System must implement the System::update() method and copy Script::Script
+ * with the `using`-syntax.
+ */
 class System {
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Process all components this system is responsible for.
+	 */
 	virtual void update() = 0;
 
 public:
-	System() = default;
+	System(ComponentManager &);
 	virtual ~System() = default;
+
+protected:
+	ComponentManager & component_manager;
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt b/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
index 0fa4343..4be738a 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/crepe/util/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC
 	LogColor.cpp
-	log.cpp
-	fmt.cpp
+	Log.cpp
 )
 
 target_sources(crepe PUBLIC FILE_SET HEADERS FILES
 	LogColor.h
-	log.h
-	fmt.h
+	Log.h
+	Log.hpp
 	Proxy.h
 	Proxy.hpp
 )
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp b/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84d80a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "../api/Config.h"
+
+#include "Log.h"
+
+using namespace crepe;
+using namespace std;
+
+string Log::prefix(const Level & level) {
+	switch (level) {
+		case Level::TRACE:
+			return LogColor().fg_white().str("[TRACE]") + " ";
+		case Level::DEBUG:
+			return LogColor().fg_magenta().str("[DEBUG]") + " ";
+		case Level::INFO:
+			return LogColor().fg_blue().str("[INFO]") + " ";
+		case Level::WARNING:
+			return LogColor().fg_yellow().str("[WARN]") + " ";
+		case Level::ERROR:
+			return LogColor().fg_red().str("[ERROR]") + " ";
+	}
+	return "";
+}
+
+void Log::log(const Level & level, const string & msg) {
+	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
+	if (level < cfg.log.level) return;
+
+	string out = Log::prefix(level) + msg;
+	if (!out.ends_with("\n")) out += "\n";
+
+	// TODO: also log to file or smth
+	cout.write(out.data(), out.size());
+	cout.flush();
+}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.h b/src/crepe/util/Log.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d55b11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <format>
+
+// allow user to disable debug macros
+#ifndef CREPE_DISABLE_MACROS
+
+#include "LogColor.h"
+
+// utility macros
+#define _crepe_logf_here(level, fmt, ...) \
+	crepe::Log::logf(level, "{}" fmt, \
+					 crepe::LogColor().fg_white(false).str(std::format( \
+						 "{} ({}:{})", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__)), \
+					 __VA_ARGS__)
+
+// very illegal global function-style macros
+// NOLINTBEGIN
+#define dbg_logf(fmt, ...) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::DEBUG, ": " fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbg_log(str) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::DEBUG, ": {}", str)
+#define dbg_trace() _crepe_logf_here(crepe::Log::Level::TRACE, "", "")
+// NOLINTEND
+
+#endif
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+/**
+ * \brief Logging utility
+ *
+ * This class is used to output log messages to the console and/or log files.
+ */
+class Log {
+public:
+	//! Log message severity
+	enum Level {
+		TRACE, //< Include (internal) function calls
+		DEBUG, //< Include dbg_logf output
+		INFO, //< General-purpose messages
+		WARNING, //< Non-fatal errors
+		ERROR, //< Fatal errors
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Log a formatted message
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 * \param msg Formatted message
+	 */
+	static void log(const Level & level, const std::string & msg);
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Format a message and log it
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 * \param fmt Message format
+	 * \param args Format arguments
+	 */
+	template <class... Args>
+	static void logf(const Level & level, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args);
+
+	/**
+	 * \brief Format a message and log it (with default severity \c INFO)
+	 *
+	 * \param fmt Message format
+	 * \param args Format arguments
+	 */
+	template <class... Args>
+	static void logf(std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args);
+
+private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Output a message prefix depending on the log level
+	 *
+	 * \param level Message severity
+	 *
+	 * \return Colored message severity prefix string
+	 */
+	static std::string prefix(const Level & level);
+};
+
+} // namespace crepe
+
+#include "Log.hpp"
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp b/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2156cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Log.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Log.h"
+
+namespace crepe {
+
+template <class... Args>
+void Log::logf(std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args) {
+	Log::logf(Level::INFO, fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <class... Args>
+void Log::logf(const Level & level, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&... args) {
+	Log::log(level, std::format(fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+}
+
+} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
index b5fe3ea..5411898 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
+++ b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 #include <cstdarg>
 
 #include "../api/Config.h"
-#include "LogColor.h"
 
-#include "fmt.h"
+#include "LogColor.h"
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 static constexpr const char * RESET_CODE = "\e[0m";
 
-const string LogColor::str(const string & content) {
+const string LogColor::str(const string & content) const {
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
 	string out = content;
 	if (cfg.log.color) out = this->code + out;
@@ -19,21 +18,8 @@ const string LogColor::str(const string & content) {
 	return out;
 }
 
-const char * LogColor::c_str(const char * content) {
-	this->final = this->str(content == NULL ? "" : content);
-	return this->final.c_str();
-}
-
-const char * LogColor::fmt(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	string content = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-	return this->c_str(content.c_str());
-}
-
 LogColor & LogColor::add_code(unsigned int code) {
-	this->code += stringf("\e[%dm", code);
+	this->code += format("\e[{}m", code);
 	return *this;
 }
 
@@ -42,51 +28,19 @@ LogColor & LogColor::reset() {
 	return *this;
 }
 
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_black(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 90 : 30);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_red(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 91 : 31);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_green(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 92 : 32);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_yellow(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 93 : 33);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_blue(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 94 : 34);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_magenta(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 95 : 35);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_cyan(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 96 : 36);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::fg_white(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 97 : 37);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_black(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 100 : 40);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_red(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 101 : 41);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_green(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 102 : 42);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_yellow(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 103 : 43);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_blue(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 104 : 44);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_magenta(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 105 : 45);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_cyan(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 106 : 46);
-}
-LogColor & LogColor::bg_white(bool bright) {
-	return this->add_code(bright ? 107 : 47);
-}
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_black(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 90 : 30); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_red(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 91 : 31); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_green(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 92 : 32); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_yellow(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 93 : 33); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_blue(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 94 : 34); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_magenta(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 95 : 35); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_cyan(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 96 : 36); }
+LogColor & LogColor::fg_white(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 97 : 37); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_black(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 100 : 40); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_red(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 101 : 41); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_green(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 102 : 42); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_yellow(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 103 : 43); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_blue(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 104 : 44); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_magenta(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 105 : 45); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_cyan(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 106 : 46); }
+LogColor & LogColor::bg_white(bool bright) { return this->add_code(bright ? 107 : 47); }
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
index c1170cb..132fb94 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
+++ b/src/crepe/util/LogColor.h
@@ -4,23 +4,35 @@
 
 namespace crepe {
 
+/**
+ * \brief Utility class for coloring text using ANSI escape codes
+ *
+ * \note Most methods in this class return a reference to \c this, which may be
+ * used to chain multiple display attributes.
+ */
 class LogColor {
 public:
-	LogColor() = default;
+	/**
+	 * \brief Get color code as STL string
+	 *
+	 * \param content If given, color this string and append a color reset escape sequence.
+	 *
+	 * \returns Color escape sequence
+	 */
+	const std::string str(const std::string & content = "") const;
 
 public:
-	//! get color code as c-style string (or color content string)
-	const char * c_str(const char * content = NULL);
-	//! color printf-style format string
-	const char * fmt(const char * fmt, ...);
-	//! get color code as stl string (or color content string)
-	const std::string str(const std::string & content = "");
-
-public:
-	//! reset color to default foreground and background color
+	//! Reset color to default foreground and background color
 	LogColor & reset();
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \name Foreground colors
+	 *
+	 * These functions set the foreground (text) color. The \c bright parameter
+	 * makes the color brighter, or bold on some terminals.
+	 * \{
+	 */
 	LogColor & fg_black(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_red(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_green(bool bright = false);
@@ -29,8 +41,16 @@ public:
 	LogColor & fg_magenta(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_cyan(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & fg_white(bool bright = false);
+	/// \}
 
 public:
+	/**
+	 * \name Background colors
+	 *
+	 * These functions set the background color. The \c bright parameter makes
+	 * the color brighter.
+	 * \{
+	 */
 	LogColor & bg_black(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_red(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_green(bool bright = false);
@@ -39,13 +59,22 @@ public:
 	LogColor & bg_magenta(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_cyan(bool bright = false);
 	LogColor & bg_white(bool bright = false);
+	/// \}
 
 private:
+	/**
+	 * \brief Append SGR escape sequence to \c this->code
+	 *
+	 * \param code SGR attribute number
+	 *
+	 * See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code> for magic number
+	 * reference.
+	 */
 	LogColor & add_code(unsigned int code);
 
 private:
+	//! Color escape sequence
 	std::string code = "";
-	std::string final = "";
 };
 
 } // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h b/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
index f84e462..b34f7c6 100644
--- a/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
+++ b/src/crepe/util/Proxy.h
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ namespace crepe {
 /**
  * \brief Utility wrapper for \c ValueBroker
  *
- * This class can be used to to wrap a ValueBroker instance so it behaves like
- * a regular variable.
+ * This class can be used to to wrap a ValueBroker instance so it behaves like a regular
+ * variable.
  *
  * \tparam T  Type of the underlying variable
  */
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp b/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b50da8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/fmt.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "fmt.h"
-
-using namespace std;
-
-string crepe::va_stringf(va_list args, const char * fmt) {
-	string out;
-
-	va_list args_copy;
-	va_copy(args_copy, args);
-	size_t length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args_copy);
-	// resize to include terminating null byte
-	out.resize(length + 1);
-	va_end(args_copy);
-
-	// vsnprintf adds terminating null byte
-	vsnprintf(out.data(), out.size(), fmt, args);
-	// resize to actual length
-	out.resize(length);
-
-	va_end(args);
-
-	return out;
-}
-
-string crepe::stringf(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	string out = va_stringf(args, fmt);
-	va_end(args);
-	return out;
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/fmt.h b/src/crepe/util/fmt.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e319e6e..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/fmt.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-std::string va_stringf(va_list args, const char * fmt);
-std::string stringf(const char * fmt, ...);
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/log.cpp b/src/crepe/util/log.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a8f8e8..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/log.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "../api/Config.h"
-#include "fmt.h"
-#include "log.h"
-
-using namespace crepe;
-using namespace std;
-
-string log_prefix(LogLevel level) {
-	switch (level) {
-		case LogLevel::TRACE:
-			return LogColor().fg_white().str("[TRACE]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::DEBUG:
-			return LogColor().fg_magenta().str("[DEBUG]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::INFO:
-			return LogColor().fg_blue().str("[INFO]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::WARNING:
-			return LogColor().fg_yellow().str("[WARN]") + " ";
-		case LogLevel::ERROR:
-			return LogColor().fg_red().str("[ERROR]") + " ";
-	}
-	return "";
-}
-
-static void log(LogLevel level, const string msg) {
-	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	if (level < cfg.log.level) return;
-
-	string out = log_prefix(level) + msg;
-	if (!out.ends_with("\n")) out += "\n";
-
-	// TODO: also log to file or smth
-	fwrite(out.c_str(), 1, out.size(), stdout);
-	fflush(stdout);
-}
-
-void crepe::logf(const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	log(LogLevel::DEBUG, va_stringf(args, fmt));
-	va_end(args);
-}
-
-void crepe::logf(LogLevel level, const char * fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	log(level, va_stringf(args, fmt));
-	va_end(args);
-}
diff --git a/src/crepe/util/log.h b/src/crepe/util/log.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a1cf00..0000000
--- a/src/crepe/util/log.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-// allow user to disable debug macros
-#ifndef CREPE_DISABLE_MACROS
-
-#include "LogColor.h"
-
-// utility macros
-#define _crepe_logf_here(level, format, ...) \
-	crepe::logf( \
-		level, "%s" format, \
-		crepe::LogColor().fg_white(false).fmt( \
-			"%s (%s:%d)", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__), \
-		__VA_ARGS__)
-
-// very illegal global function-style macros
-// NOLINTBEGIN
-#define dbg_logf(fmt, ...) \
-	_crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::DEBUG, ": " fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
-#define dbg_log(str) _crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::DEBUG, "%s: " str, "")
-#define dbg_trace() _crepe_logf_here(crepe::LogLevel::TRACE, "%s", "")
-// NOLINTEND
-
-#endif
-
-namespace crepe {
-
-enum LogLevel {
-	TRACE,
-	DEBUG,
-	INFO,
-	WARNING,
-	ERROR,
-};
-
-void logf(const char * fmt, ...);
-void logf(enum LogLevel level, const char * fmt, ...);
-
-} // namespace crepe
diff --git a/src/example/asset_manager.cpp b/src/example/asset_manager.cpp
index cf64f89..917b547 100644
--- a/src/example/asset_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/example/asset_manager.cpp
@@ -6,18 +6,17 @@ using namespace crepe;
 
 int main() {
 
-	// this needs to be called before the asset manager otherwise the destructor
-	// of sdl is not in the right order
+	// this needs to be called before the asset manager otherwise the destructor of sdl is not in
+	// the right order
 	{ Texture test("../asset/texture/img.png"); }
-	// FIXME: make it so the issue described by the above comment is not possible
-	// (i.e. the order in which internal classes are instantiated should not
-	// impact the way the engine works).
+	// FIXME: make it so the issue described by the above comment is not possible (i.e. the order
+	// in which internal classes are instantiated should not impact the way the engine works).
 
 	auto & mgr = AssetManager::get_instance();
 
 	{
-		// TODO: [design] the Sound class can't be directly included by the user as
-		// it includes SoLoud headers.
+		// TODO: [design] the Sound class can't be directly included by the user as it includes
+		// SoLoud headers.
 		auto bgm = mgr.cache<Sound>("../mwe/audio/bgm.ogg");
 		auto sfx1 = mgr.cache<Sound>("../mwe/audio/sfx1.wav");
 		auto sfx2 = mgr.cache<Sound>("../mwe/audio/sfx2.wav");
diff --git a/src/example/audio_internal.cpp b/src/example/audio_internal.cpp
index 1ea839d..661161a 100644
--- a/src/example/audio_internal.cpp
+++ b/src/example/audio_internal.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
 #include <crepe/facade/Sound.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 #include <thread>
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ using std::make_unique;
 int _ = []() {
 	// Show dbg_trace() output
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::TRACE;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::TRACE;
 
 	return 0; // satisfy compiler
 }();
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ int main() {
 	// Start the background track
 	bgm.play();
 
-	// Play each sample sequentially while pausing and resuming the background
-	// track
+	// Play each sample sequentially while pausing and resuming the background track
 	this_thread::sleep_for(500ms);
 	sfx1.play();
 	this_thread::sleep_for(500ms);
diff --git a/src/example/components_internal.cpp b/src/example/components_internal.cpp
index ea1eaad..2a232a9 100644
--- a/src/example/components_internal.cpp
+++ b/src/example/components_internal.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include <crepe/api/Rigidbody.h>
 #include <crepe/api/Sprite.h>
 
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
@@ -23,17 +23,14 @@ using namespace std;
 int main() {
 	dbg_trace();
 
-	auto & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager mgr{};
 
 	auto start_adding = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 
-	GameObject * game_object[OBJ_COUNT];
-
 	for (int i = 0; i < OBJ_COUNT; ++i) {
-		game_object[i] = new GameObject(i, "Name", "Tag", 0);
-
-		game_object[i]->add_component<Sprite>("test");
-		game_object[i]->add_component<Rigidbody>(0, 0, i);
+		GameObject obj = mgr.new_object("Name", "Tag");
+		obj.add_component<Sprite>("test");
+		obj.add_component<Rigidbody>(0, 0, i);
 	}
 
 	auto stop_adding = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
@@ -45,14 +42,8 @@ int main() {
 
 	auto stop_looping = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < OBJ_COUNT; ++i) {
-		delete game_object[i];
-	}
-
-	auto add_time = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(stop_adding
-																- start_adding);
-	auto loop_time = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(stop_looping
-																 - stop_adding);
+	auto add_time = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(stop_adding - start_adding);
+	auto loop_time = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(stop_looping - stop_adding);
 	printf("add time:  %ldus\n", add_time.count());
 	printf("loop time: %ldus\n", loop_time.count());
 
diff --git a/src/example/db.cpp b/src/example/db.cpp
index 8c06a84..ee4e8fc 100644
--- a/src/example/db.cpp
+++ b/src/example/db.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
 #include <crepe/facade/DB.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using namespace std;
 // run before main
 static auto _ = []() {
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::TRACE;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::TRACE;
 	return 0;
 }();
 
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ int main() {
 	const char * test_key = "test-key";
 	string test_data = "Hello world!";
 
-	dbg_logf("DB has key = %d", db.has(test_key));
+	dbg_logf("DB has key = {}", db.has(test_key));
 
 	db.set(test_key, test_data);
 
-	dbg_logf("key = \"%s\"", db.get(test_key).c_str());
+	dbg_logf("key = \"{}\"", db.get(test_key));
 
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/example/ecs.cpp b/src/example/ecs.cpp
index e61c398..d5ba51b 100644
--- a/src/example/ecs.cpp
+++ b/src/example/ecs.cpp
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@ using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 int main() {
+	ComponentManager mgr{};
+
 	// Create a few GameObjects
 	try {
-		GameObject body(0, "body", "person", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject right_leg(1, "rightLeg", "person", Vector2{1, 1}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject left_leg(2, "leftLeg", "person", Vector2{1, 1}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject right_foot(3, "rightFoot", "person", Vector2{2, 2}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject left_foot(4, "leftFoot", "person", Vector2{2, 2}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject body = mgr.new_object("body", "person", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject right_leg = mgr.new_object("rightLeg", "person", Vector2{1, 1}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject left_leg = mgr.new_object("leftLeg", "person", Vector2{1, 1}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject right_foot = mgr.new_object("rightFoot", "person", Vector2{2, 2}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject left_foot = mgr.new_object("leftFoot", "person", Vector2{2, 2}, 0, 1);
 
 		// Set the parent of each GameObject
 		right_foot.set_parent(right_leg);
@@ -30,25 +32,21 @@ int main() {
 	}
 
 	// Get the Metadata and Transform components of each GameObject
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	vector<reference_wrapper<Metadata>> metadata
-		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Metadata>();
-	vector<reference_wrapper<Transform>> transform
-		= mgr.get_components_by_type<Transform>();
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Metadata>> metadata = mgr.get_components_by_type<Metadata>();
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Transform>> transform = mgr.get_components_by_type<Transform>();
 
 	// Print the Metadata and Transform components
 	for (auto & m : metadata) {
 		cout << "Id: " << m.get().game_object_id << " Name: " << m.get().name
-			 << " Tag: " << m.get().tag << " Parent: " << m.get().parent
-			 << " Children: ";
+			 << " Tag: " << m.get().tag << " Parent: " << m.get().parent << " Children: ";
 		for (auto & c : m.get().children) {
 			cout << c << " ";
 		}
 		cout << endl;
 	}
 	for (auto & t : transform) {
-		cout << "Id: " << t.get().game_object_id << " Position: ["
-			 << t.get().position.x << ", " << t.get().position.y << "]" << endl;
+		cout << "Id: " << t.get().game_object_id << " Position: [" << t.get().position.x
+			 << ", " << t.get().position.y << "]" << endl;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/src/example/log.cpp b/src/example/log.cpp
index db8aa48..5baa021 100644
--- a/src/example/log.cpp
+++ b/src/example/log.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ using namespace crepe;
 int _ = []() {
 	// make sure all log messages get printed
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::TRACE;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::TRACE;
 
 	return 0; // satisfy compiler
 }();
 
 int main() {
 	dbg_trace();
-	dbg_logf("test printf parameters: %d", 3);
-	logf(LogLevel::INFO, "info message");
-	logf(LogLevel::WARNING, "warning");
-	logf(LogLevel::ERROR, "error");
+	dbg_log("debug message");
+	Log::logf("info message with variable: {}", 3);
+	Log::logf(Log::Level::WARNING, "warning");
+	Log::logf(Log::Level::ERROR, "error");
 
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/example/particles.cpp b/src/example/particles.cpp
index 6eab046..3d5f676 100644
--- a/src/example/particles.cpp
+++ b/src/example/particles.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
-	GameObject game_object(0, "", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
+	ComponentManager mgr{};
+	GameObject game_object = mgr.new_object("", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
 	Color color(0, 0, 0, 0);
 	Sprite test_sprite = game_object.add_component<Sprite>(
-		make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/img.png"), color,
-		FlipSettings{true, true});
+		make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/img.png"), color, FlipSettings{true, true});
 	game_object.add_component<ParticleEmitter>(ParticleEmitter::Data{
 		.position = {0, 0},
 		.max_particles = 100,
diff --git a/src/example/physics.cpp b/src/example/physics.cpp
index 848f857..ad663a0 100644
--- a/src/example/physics.cpp
+++ b/src/example/physics.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ using namespace crepe;
 using namespace std;
 
 int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
-	GameObject * game_object;
-	game_object = new GameObject(0, "Name", "Tag", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
-	game_object->add_component<Rigidbody>(Rigidbody::Data{
+	ComponentManager mgr{};
+
+	GameObject game_object = mgr.new_object("Name", "Tag", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
+	game_object.add_component<Rigidbody>(Rigidbody::Data{
 		.mass = 1,
 		.gravity_scale = 1,
 		.body_type = Rigidbody::BodyType::DYNAMIC,
@@ -19,6 +20,5 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
 		.use_gravity = true,
 		.bounce = false,
 	});
-	delete game_object;
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/example/proxy.cpp b/src/example/proxy.cpp
index 0afff41..69451f8 100644
--- a/src/example/proxy.cpp
+++ b/src/example/proxy.cpp
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <crepe/ValueBroker.h>
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 #include <crepe/util/Proxy.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace crepe;
@@ -17,18 +17,17 @@ void test_ro_val(int val) {}
 
 int main() {
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::DEBUG;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::DEBUG;
 
 	int real_value = 0;
 
 	ValueBroker<int> broker{
 		[&real_value](const int & target) {
-			dbg_logf("set %s to %s", to_string(real_value).c_str(),
-					 to_string(target).c_str());
+			dbg_logf("set {} to {}", real_value, target);
 			real_value = target;
 		},
 		[&real_value]() -> const int & {
-			dbg_logf("get %s", to_string(real_value).c_str());
+			dbg_logf("get {}", real_value);
 			return real_value;
 		},
 	};
diff --git a/src/example/rendering.cpp b/src/example/rendering.cpp
index 827ad07..c9e62f1 100644
--- a/src/example/rendering.cpp
+++ b/src/example/rendering.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <crepe/ComponentManager.h>
 #include <crepe/api/GameObject.h>
 #include <crepe/system/RenderSystem.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 #include <crepe/api/AssetManager.h>
 #include <crepe/api/Color.h>
@@ -20,23 +20,24 @@ using namespace crepe;
 int main() {
 	dbg_trace();
 
-	auto obj = GameObject(0, "name", "tag", Vector2{0, 0}, 1, 1);
-	auto obj1 = GameObject(1, "name", "tag", Vector2{500, 0}, 1, 0.1);
-	auto obj2 = GameObject(2, "name", "tag", Vector2{800, 0}, 1, 0.1);
+	ComponentManager mgr{};
+	RenderSystem sys{mgr};
+
+	GameObject obj = mgr.new_object("name", "tag", Vector2{0, 0}, 1, 1);
+	GameObject obj1 = mgr.new_object("name", "tag", Vector2{500, 0}, 1, 0.1);
+	GameObject obj2 = mgr.new_object("name", "tag", Vector2{800, 0}, 1, 0.1);
 
 	// Normal adding components
 	{
 		Color color(0, 0, 0, 0);
-		obj.add_component<Sprite>(
-			make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/img.png"), color,
-			FlipSettings{false, false});
+		obj.add_component<Sprite>(make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/img.png"), color,
+								  FlipSettings{false, false});
 		obj.add_component<Camera>(Color::get_red());
 	}
 	{
 		Color color(0, 0, 0, 0);
-		obj1.add_component<Sprite>(
-			make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/second.png"), color,
-			FlipSettings{true, true});
+		obj1.add_component<Sprite>(make_shared<Texture>("../asset/texture/second.png"), color,
+								   FlipSettings{true, true});
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -47,7 +48,6 @@ int main() {
 	}
 	*/
 
-	auto & sys = crepe::RenderSystem::get_instance();
 	auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 	while (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start < std::chrono::seconds(5)) {
 		sys.update();
diff --git a/src/example/savemgr.cpp b/src/example/savemgr.cpp
index 436fb5a..65c4a34 100644
--- a/src/example/savemgr.cpp
+++ b/src/example/savemgr.cpp
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
 #include <crepe/api/SaveManager.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 #include <crepe/util/Proxy.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
 
 using namespace crepe;
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ using namespace crepe;
 int _ = []() {
 	// make sure all log messages get printed
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::TRACE;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::TRACE;
 
 	return 0; // satisfy compiler
 }();
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ int main() {
 
 	SaveManager & mgr = SaveManager::get_instance();
 
-	dbg_logf("has key = %s", mgr.has(key) ? "true" : "false");
+	dbg_logf("has key = {}", mgr.has(key));
 	ValueBroker<int> prop = mgr.get<int>(key, 0);
 	Proxy<int> val = mgr.get<int>(key, 0);
 
-	dbg_logf("val = %d", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
+	dbg_logf("val = {}", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
 	prop.set(1);
-	dbg_logf("val = %d", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
+	dbg_logf("val = {}", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
 	val = 2;
-	dbg_logf("val = %d", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
+	dbg_logf("val = {}", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
 	mgr.set<int>(key, 3);
-	dbg_logf("val = %d", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
+	dbg_logf("val = {}", mgr.get<int>(key).get());
 
-	dbg_logf("has key = %s", mgr.has(key) ? "true" : "false");
+	dbg_logf("has key = {}", mgr.has(key));
 	assert(true == mgr.has(key));
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/src/example/scene_manager.cpp b/src/example/scene_manager.cpp
index f46dc36..accec7d 100644
--- a/src/example/scene_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/example/scene_manager.cpp
@@ -12,40 +12,44 @@ using namespace std;
 
 class ConcreteScene1 : public Scene {
 public:
-	ConcreteScene1(string name) : Scene(name) {}
+	using Scene::Scene;
 
 	void load_scene() {
-		GameObject object1(0, "scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject object2(1, "scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{1, 0}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject object3(2, "scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{2, 0}, 0, 1);
+		auto & mgr = this->component_manager;
+		GameObject object1 = mgr.new_object("scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject object2 = mgr.new_object("scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{1, 0}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject object3 = mgr.new_object("scene_1", "tag_scene_1", Vector2{2, 0}, 0, 1);
 	}
 };
 
 class ConcreteScene2 : public Scene {
 public:
-	ConcreteScene2(string name) : Scene(name) {}
+	using Scene::Scene;
 
 	void load_scene() {
-		GameObject object1(0, "scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject object2(1, "scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 1}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject object3(2, "scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 2}, 0, 1);
-		GameObject object4(3, "scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 3}, 0, 1);
+		auto & mgr = this->component_manager;
+		GameObject object1 = mgr.new_object("scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject object2 = mgr.new_object("scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 1}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject object3 = mgr.new_object("scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 2}, 0, 1);
+		GameObject object4 = mgr.new_object("scene_2", "tag_scene_2", Vector2{0, 3}, 0, 1);
 	}
 };
 
 int main() {
-	SceneManager & scene_mgr = SceneManager::get_instance();
+	ComponentManager component_mgr{};
+	SceneManager scene_mgr{component_mgr};
 
 	// Add the scenes to the scene manager
 	scene_mgr.add_scene<ConcreteScene1>("scene1");
 	scene_mgr.add_scene<ConcreteScene2>("scene2");
 
-	// There is no need to call set_next_scene() at the beginnen, because the first scene will be automatically set as the next scene
+	// There is no need to call set_next_scene() at the beginnen, because the first scene will be
+	// automatically set as the next scene
+
 	// Load scene1 (the first scene added)
 	scene_mgr.load_next_scene();
 
 	// Get the Metadata components of each GameObject of Scene1
-	ComponentManager & component_mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
 	vector<reference_wrapper<Metadata>> metadata
 		= component_mgr.get_components_by_type<Metadata>();
 
diff --git a/src/example/script.cpp b/src/example/script.cpp
index 9e8b147..a23295b 100644
--- a/src/example/script.cpp
+++ b/src/example/script.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <crepe/ComponentManager.h>
 #include <crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h>
-#include <crepe/util/log.h>
+#include <crepe/util/Log.h>
 
 #include <crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h>
 #include <crepe/api/Config.h>
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ using namespace std;
 int _ = []() {
 	// Show dbg_trace() output
 	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
-	cfg.log.level = LogLevel::TRACE;
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::TRACE;
 
 	return 0; // satisfy compiler
 }();
@@ -30,20 +30,20 @@ class MyScript : public Script {
 	void update() {
 		// Retrieve component from the same GameObject this script is on
 		Transform & test = get_component<Transform>();
-		dbg_logf("Transform(%.2f, %.2f)", test.position.x, test.position.y);
+		dbg_logf("Transform({:.2f}, {:.2f})", test.position.x, test.position.y);
 	}
 };
 
 int main() {
+	ComponentManager component_manager{};
+	ScriptSystem system{component_manager};
+
 	// Create game object with Transform and BehaviorScript components
-	auto obj = GameObject(0, "name", "tag", Vector2{1.2, 3.4}, 0, 1);
+	GameObject obj = component_manager.new_object("name");
 	obj.add_component<BehaviorScript>().set_script<MyScript>();
 
-	// Get ScriptSystem singleton instance (this would normally be done from the
-	// game loop)
-	ScriptSystem sys;
 	// Update all scripts. This should result in MyScript::update being called
-	sys.update();
+	system.update();
 
 	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/src/test/CMakeLists.txt b/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
index acab388..49c8151 100644
--- a/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 target_sources(test_main PUBLIC
-	dummy.cpp
-	# audio.cpp
-	# PhysicsTest.cpp
+	main.cpp
+	PhysicsTest.cpp
+	ScriptTest.cpp
 	ParticleTest.cpp
 )
 
diff --git a/src/test/ParticleTest.cpp b/src/test/ParticleTest.cpp
index 6fe3133..4e655a9 100644
--- a/src/test/ParticleTest.cpp
+++ b/src/test/ParticleTest.cpp
@@ -16,15 +16,16 @@ using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace crepe;
 
 class ParticlesTest : public ::testing::Test {
-protected:
-	ParticleSystem particle_system;
+public:
+	ComponentManager component_manager;
+	ParticleSystem particle_system{component_manager};
+
 	void SetUp() override {
-		ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
+		ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
 		std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
 			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
 		if (transforms.empty()) {
-
-			GameObject game_object(0, "", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
+			GameObject game_object = mgr.new_object("", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
 
 			Color color(0, 0, 0, 0);
 			Sprite test_sprite = game_object.add_component<Sprite>(
@@ -77,9 +78,8 @@ protected:
 
 TEST_F(ParticlesTest, spawnParticle) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	ParticleEmitter & emitter
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	ParticleEmitter & emitter = mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
 	emitter.data.end_lifespan = 5;
 	emitter.data.boundary.height = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.width = 100;
@@ -122,9 +122,8 @@ TEST_F(ParticlesTest, spawnParticle) {
 
 TEST_F(ParticlesTest, moveParticleHorizontal) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	ParticleEmitter & emitter
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	ParticleEmitter & emitter = mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
 	emitter.data.end_lifespan = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.height = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.width = 100;
@@ -140,9 +139,8 @@ TEST_F(ParticlesTest, moveParticleHorizontal) {
 
 TEST_F(ParticlesTest, moveParticleVertical) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	ParticleEmitter & emitter
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	ParticleEmitter & emitter = mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
 	emitter.data.end_lifespan = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.height = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.width = 100;
@@ -159,9 +157,8 @@ TEST_F(ParticlesTest, moveParticleVertical) {
 
 TEST_F(ParticlesTest, boundaryParticleReset) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	ParticleEmitter & emitter
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	ParticleEmitter & emitter = mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
 	emitter.data.end_lifespan = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.height = 10;
 	emitter.data.boundary.width = 10;
@@ -179,9 +176,8 @@ TEST_F(ParticlesTest, boundaryParticleReset) {
 
 TEST_F(ParticlesTest, boundaryParticleStop) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	ParticleEmitter & emitter
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	ParticleEmitter & emitter = mgr.get_components_by_id<ParticleEmitter>(0).front().get();
 	emitter.data.end_lifespan = 100;
 	emitter.data.boundary.height = 10;
 	emitter.data.boundary.width = 10;
diff --git a/src/test/PhysicsTest.cpp b/src/test/PhysicsTest.cpp
index 5385962..1e37c26 100644
--- a/src/test/PhysicsTest.cpp
+++ b/src/test/PhysicsTest.cpp
@@ -11,16 +11,17 @@ using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace crepe;
 
 class PhysicsTest : public ::testing::Test {
-protected:
-	GameObject * game_object;
-	PhysicsSystem physics_system;
+public:
+	ComponentManager component_manager;
+	PhysicsSystem system{component_manager};
+
 	void SetUp() override {
-		ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-		std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
+		ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+		vector<reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
 			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
 		if (transforms.empty()) {
-			game_object = new GameObject(0, "", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
-			game_object->add_component<Rigidbody>(Rigidbody::Data{
+			auto entity = mgr.new_object("", "", Vector2{0, 0}, 0, 0);
+			entity.add_component<Rigidbody>(Rigidbody::Data{
 				.mass = 1,
 				.gravity_scale = 1,
 				.body_type = Rigidbody::BodyType::DYNAMIC,
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ protected:
 		transform.position.x = 0.0;
 		transform.position.y = 0.0;
 		transform.rotation = 0.0;
-		std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
+		vector<reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
 			= mgr.get_components_by_id<Rigidbody>(0);
 		Rigidbody & rigidbody = rigidbodies.front().get();
 		rigidbody.data.angular_velocity = 0;
@@ -47,34 +48,36 @@ protected:
 
 TEST_F(PhysicsTest, gravity) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 1;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms = mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
 	const Transform & transform = transforms.front().get();
 	ASSERT_FALSE(transforms.empty());
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.y, 0);
-	physics_system.update();
+
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.y, 1);
-	physics_system.update();
+
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.y, 3);
 }
 
 TEST_F(PhysicsTest, max_velocity) {
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<Rigidbody>(0);
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies = mgr.get_components_by_id<Rigidbody>(0);
 	Rigidbody & rigidbody = rigidbodies.front().get();
 	ASSERT_FALSE(rigidbodies.empty());
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y, 0);
+
 	rigidbody.add_force_linear({100, 100});
 	rigidbody.add_force_angular(100);
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y, 10);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x, 10);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.angular_velocity, 10);
+
 	rigidbody.add_force_linear({-100, -100});
 	rigidbody.add_force_angular(-100);
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y, -10);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x, -10);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.angular_velocity, -10);
@@ -82,39 +85,42 @@ TEST_F(PhysicsTest, max_velocity) {
 
 TEST_F(PhysicsTest, movement) {
 	Config::get_instance().physics.gravity = 0;
-	ComponentManager & mgr = ComponentManager::get_instance();
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<Rigidbody>(0);
+	ComponentManager & mgr = this->component_manager;
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Rigidbody>> rigidbodies = mgr.get_components_by_id<Rigidbody>(0);
 	Rigidbody & rigidbody = rigidbodies.front().get();
-	std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms
-		= mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
+	vector<reference_wrapper<Transform>> transforms = mgr.get_components_by_id<Transform>(0);
 	const Transform & transform = transforms.front().get();
 	ASSERT_FALSE(rigidbodies.empty());
 	ASSERT_FALSE(transforms.empty());
+
 	rigidbody.add_force_linear({1, 1});
 	rigidbody.add_force_angular(1);
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.x, 1);
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.y, 1);
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.rotation, 1);
+
 	rigidbody.data.constraints = {1, 1, 1};
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.x, 1);
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.position.y, 1);
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.rotation, 1);
+
 	rigidbody.data.linear_damping.x = 0.5;
 	rigidbody.data.linear_damping.y = 0.5;
 	rigidbody.data.angular_damping = 0.5;
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.x, 0.5);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.linear_velocity.y, 0.5);
 	EXPECT_EQ(rigidbody.data.angular_velocity, 0.5);
+
 	rigidbody.data.constraints = {1, 1, 0};
 	rigidbody.data.angular_damping = 0;
 	rigidbody.data.max_angular_velocity = 1000;
 	rigidbody.data.angular_velocity = 360;
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.rotation, 1);
+
 	rigidbody.data.angular_velocity = -360;
-	physics_system.update();
+	system.update();
 	EXPECT_EQ(transform.rotation, 1);
 }
diff --git a/src/test/ScriptTest.cpp b/src/test/ScriptTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19fef6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ScriptTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+// stupid hack to allow access to private/protected members under test
+#define private public
+#define protected public
+
+#include <crepe/ComponentManager.h>
+#include <crepe/api/BehaviorScript.h>
+#include <crepe/api/GameObject.h>
+#include <crepe/api/Script.h>
+#include <crepe/api/Vector2.h>
+#include <crepe/system/ScriptSystem.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace crepe;
+using namespace testing;
+
+class ScriptTest : public Test {
+public:
+	ComponentManager component_manager{};
+	ScriptSystem system{component_manager};
+
+	class MyScript : public Script {
+		// NOTE: default (private) visibility of init and update shouldn't cause
+		// issues!
+		void init() { this->init_count++; }
+		void update() { this->update_count++; }
+
+	public:
+		unsigned init_count = 0;
+		unsigned update_count = 0;
+	};
+
+	BehaviorScript * behaviorscript_ref = nullptr;
+	MyScript * script_ref = nullptr;
+
+	void SetUp() override {
+		auto & mgr = this->component_manager;
+		GameObject entity = mgr.new_object("name");
+		BehaviorScript & component = entity.add_component<BehaviorScript>();
+
+		this->behaviorscript_ref = &component;
+		EXPECT_EQ(this->behaviorscript_ref->script.get(), nullptr);
+		component.set_script<MyScript>();
+		ASSERT_NE(this->behaviorscript_ref->script.get(), nullptr);
+
+		this->script_ref = (MyScript *) this->behaviorscript_ref->script.get();
+		ASSERT_NE(this->script_ref, nullptr);
+	}
+};
+
+TEST_F(ScriptTest, Default) {
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, this->script_ref->init_count);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, this->script_ref->update_count);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ScriptTest, UpdateOnce) {
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, this->script_ref->init_count);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, this->script_ref->update_count);
+
+	this->system.update();
+	EXPECT_EQ(1, this->script_ref->init_count);
+	EXPECT_EQ(1, this->script_ref->update_count);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ScriptTest, ListScripts) {
+	size_t script_count = 0;
+	for (auto & _ : this->system.get_scripts()) {
+		script_count++;
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, script_count);
+}
diff --git a/src/test/audio.cpp b/src/test/audio.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d6ff689..0000000
--- a/src/test/audio.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-using namespace std;
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
-// using namespace crepe;
-
-// TODO: mock internal audio class
-
-TEST(audio, play) { ASSERT_TRUE(true); }
diff --git a/src/test/dummy.cpp b/src/test/dummy.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a00a9c6..0000000
--- a/src/test/dummy.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-TEST(dummy, foo) { ASSERT_TRUE(1); }
diff --git a/src/test/main.cpp b/src/test/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..241015d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <crepe/api/Config.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+using namespace crepe;
+using namespace testing;
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+	InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+
+	auto & cfg = Config::get_instance();
+	cfg.log.level = Log::Level::ERROR;
+
+	return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}