Merge pull request #307 from themoeway/modernize

Modernize codebase

20 files changed, 5763 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/__jest__/test_bench.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/__jest__/test_bench.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d17f7f12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/__jest__/test_bench.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, {
+  type CompileOptions,
+  type DecoratorDelegate,
+  type HelperDelegate,
+  type RuntimeOptions,
+} from '../..';
+import type { DecoratorsHash, HelpersHash, PartialsHash, Template } from '../types';
+
+type CompileFns = 'compile' | 'compileAST';
+const compileFns: CompileFns[] = ['compile', 'compileAST'];
+if (process.env.AST) compileFns.splice(0, 1);
+else if (process.env.EVAL) compileFns.splice(1, 1);
+
+declare global {
+  var kbnHandlebarsEnv: typeof Handlebars | null; // eslint-disable-line no-var
+}
+
+global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+
+interface TestOptions {
+  beforeEach?: Function;
+  beforeRender?: Function;
+}
+
+export function expectTemplate(template: string, options?: TestOptions) {
+  return new HandlebarsTestBench(template, options);
+}
+
+export function forEachCompileFunctionName(
+  cb: (compileName: CompileFns, index: number, array: CompileFns[]) => void
+) {
+  compileFns.forEach(cb);
+}
+
+class HandlebarsTestBench {
+  private template: string;
+  private options: TestOptions;
+  private compileOptions?: CompileOptions;
+  private runtimeOptions?: RuntimeOptions;
+  private helpers: HelpersHash = {};
+  private partials: PartialsHash = {};
+  private decorators: DecoratorsHash = {};
+  private input: any = {};
+
+  constructor(template: string, options: TestOptions = {}) {
+    this.template = template;
+    this.options = options;
+  }
+
+  withCompileOptions(compileOptions?: CompileOptions) {
+    this.compileOptions = compileOptions;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withRuntimeOptions(runtimeOptions?: RuntimeOptions) {
+    this.runtimeOptions = runtimeOptions;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withInput(input: any) {
+    this.input = input;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withHelper<F extends HelperDelegate>(name: string, helper: F) {
+    this.helpers[name] = helper;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withHelpers<F extends HelperDelegate>(helperFunctions: Record<string, F>) {
+    for (const [name, helper] of Object.entries(helperFunctions)) {
+      this.withHelper(name, helper);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withPartial(name: string | number, partial: Template) {
+    this.partials[name] = partial;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withPartials(partials: Record<string, Template>) {
+    for (const [name, partial] of Object.entries(partials)) {
+      this.withPartial(name, partial);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withDecorator(name: string, decoratorFunction: DecoratorDelegate) {
+    this.decorators[name] = decoratorFunction;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  withDecorators(decoratorFunctions: Record<string, DecoratorDelegate>) {
+    for (const [name, decoratorFunction] of Object.entries(decoratorFunctions)) {
+      this.withDecorator(name, decoratorFunction);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  toCompileTo(outputExpected: string) {
+    const { outputEval, outputAST } = this.compileAndExecute();
+    if (process.env.EVAL) {
+      expect(outputEval).toEqual(outputExpected);
+    } else if (process.env.AST) {
+      expect(outputAST).toEqual(outputExpected);
+    } else {
+      expect(outputAST).toEqual(outputExpected);
+      expect(outputAST).toEqual(outputEval);
+    }
+  }
+
+  toThrow(error?: string | RegExp | jest.Constructable | Error | undefined) {
+    if (process.env.EVAL) {
+      expect(() => {
+        this.compileAndExecuteEval();
+      }).toThrowError(error);
+    } else if (process.env.AST) {
+      expect(() => {
+        this.compileAndExecuteAST();
+      }).toThrowError(error);
+    } else {
+      expect(() => {
+        this.compileAndExecuteEval();
+      }).toThrowError(error);
+      expect(() => {
+        this.compileAndExecuteAST();
+      }).toThrowError(error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private compileAndExecute() {
+    if (process.env.EVAL) {
+      return {
+        outputEval: this.compileAndExecuteEval(),
+      };
+    } else if (process.env.AST) {
+      return {
+        outputAST: this.compileAndExecuteAST(),
+      };
+    } else {
+      return {
+        outputEval: this.compileAndExecuteEval(),
+        outputAST: this.compileAndExecuteAST(),
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private compileAndExecuteEval() {
+    const renderEval = this.compileEval();
+
+    const runtimeOptions: RuntimeOptions = {
+      helpers: this.helpers,
+      partials: this.partials,
+      decorators: this.decorators,
+      ...this.runtimeOptions,
+    };
+
+    this.execBeforeRender();
+
+    return renderEval(this.input, runtimeOptions);
+  }
+
+  private compileAndExecuteAST() {
+    const renderAST = this.compileAST();
+
+    const runtimeOptions: RuntimeOptions = {
+      helpers: this.helpers,
+      partials: this.partials,
+      decorators: this.decorators,
+      ...this.runtimeOptions,
+    };
+
+    this.execBeforeRender();
+
+    return renderAST(this.input, runtimeOptions);
+  }
+
+  private compileEval(handlebarsEnv = getHandlebarsEnv()) {
+    this.execBeforeEach();
+    return handlebarsEnv.compile(this.template, this.compileOptions);
+  }
+
+  private compileAST(handlebarsEnv = getHandlebarsEnv()) {
+    this.execBeforeEach();
+    return handlebarsEnv.compileAST(this.template, this.compileOptions);
+  }
+
+  private execBeforeRender() {
+    this.options.beforeRender?.();
+  }
+
+  private execBeforeEach() {
+    if (this.options.beforeEach) {
+      this.options.beforeEach();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function getHandlebarsEnv() {
+  return kbnHandlebarsEnv || Handlebars.create();
+}
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/handlebars.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/handlebars.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..358d1b73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/handlebars.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+// The handlebars module uses `export =`, so we should technically use `import Handlebars = require('handlebars')`, but Babel will not allow this:
+// https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/modules.html#export--and-import--require
+import Handlebars = require('handlebars');
+
+import type { CompileOptions, RuntimeOptions, TemplateDelegate } from './types';
+import { ElasticHandlebarsVisitor } from './visitor';
+
+const originalCreate = Handlebars.create;
+
+export { Handlebars };
+
+/**
+ * Creates an isolated Handlebars environment.
+ *
+ * Each environment has its own helpers.
+ * This is only necessary for use cases that demand distinct helpers.
+ * Most use cases can use the root Handlebars environment directly.
+ *
+ * @returns A sandboxed/scoped version of the @kbn/handlebars module
+ */
+Handlebars.create = function (): typeof Handlebars {
+  const SandboxedHandlebars = originalCreate.call(Handlebars) as typeof Handlebars;
+  // When creating new Handlebars environments, ensure the custom compileAST function is present in the new environment as well
+  SandboxedHandlebars.compileAST = Handlebars.compileAST;
+  return SandboxedHandlebars;
+};
+
+Handlebars.compileAST = function (
+  input: string | hbs.AST.Program,
+  options?: CompileOptions
+): TemplateDelegate {
+  if (input == null || (typeof input !== 'string' && input.type !== 'Program')) {
+    throw new Handlebars.Exception(
+      `You must pass a string or Handlebars AST to Handlebars.compileAST. You passed ${input}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  // If `Handlebars.compileAST` is reassigned, `this` will be undefined.
+  const visitor = new ElasticHandlebarsVisitor(this ?? Handlebars, input, options);
+
+  return (context: any, runtimeOptions?: RuntimeOptions) => visitor.render(context, runtimeOptions);
+};
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/.upstream_git_hash b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/.upstream_git_hash
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a6b1831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/.upstream_git_hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c65c6cce3f626e4896a9d59250f0908be695adae
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.basic.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.basic.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6acf3ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.basic.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('basic context', () => {
+  it('most basic', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'foo' }).toCompileTo('foo');
+  });
+
+  it('escaping', () => {
+    expectTemplate('\\{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'food' }).toCompileTo('{{foo}}');
+    expectTemplate('content \\{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'food' }).toCompileTo('content {{foo}}');
+    expectTemplate('\\\\{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'food' }).toCompileTo('\\food');
+    expectTemplate('content \\\\{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'food' }).toCompileTo('content \\food');
+    expectTemplate('\\\\ {{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'food' }).toCompileTo('\\\\ food');
+  });
+
+  it('compiling with a basic context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye\n{{cruel}}\n{{world}}!')
+      .withInput({
+        cruel: 'cruel',
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye\ncruel\nworld!');
+  });
+
+  it('compiling with a string context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{.}}{{length}}').withInput('bye').toCompileTo('bye3');
+  });
+
+  it('compiling with an undefined context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye\n{{cruel}}\n{{world.bar}}!')
+      .withInput(undefined)
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye\n\n!');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#unless foo}}Goodbye{{../test}}{{test2}}{{/unless}}')
+      .withInput(undefined)
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye');
+  });
+
+  it('comments', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{! Goodbye}}Goodbye\n{{cruel}}\n{{world}}!')
+      .withInput({
+        cruel: 'cruel',
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye\ncruel\nworld!');
+
+    expectTemplate('    {{~! comment ~}}      blah').toCompileTo('blah');
+    expectTemplate('    {{~!-- long-comment --~}}      blah').toCompileTo('blah');
+    expectTemplate('    {{! comment ~}}      blah').toCompileTo('    blah');
+    expectTemplate('    {{!-- long-comment --~}}      blah').toCompileTo('    blah');
+    expectTemplate('    {{~! comment}}      blah').toCompileTo('      blah');
+    expectTemplate('    {{~!-- long-comment --}}      blah').toCompileTo('      blah');
+  });
+
+  it('boolean', () => {
+    const string = '{{#goodbye}}GOODBYE {{/goodbye}}cruel {{world}}!';
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbye: true,
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbye: false,
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+  });
+
+  it('zeros', () => {
+    expectTemplate('num1: {{num1}}, num2: {{num2}}')
+      .withInput({
+        num1: 42,
+        num2: 0,
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('num1: 42, num2: 0');
+
+    expectTemplate('num: {{.}}').withInput(0).toCompileTo('num: 0');
+
+    expectTemplate('num: {{num1/num2}}')
+      .withInput({ num1: { num2: 0 } })
+      .toCompileTo('num: 0');
+  });
+
+  it('false', () => {
+    /* eslint-disable no-new-wrappers */
+    expectTemplate('val1: {{val1}}, val2: {{val2}}')
+      .withInput({
+        val1: false,
+        val2: new Boolean(false),
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val1: false, val2: false');
+
+    expectTemplate('val: {{.}}').withInput(false).toCompileTo('val: false');
+
+    expectTemplate('val: {{val1/val2}}')
+      .withInput({ val1: { val2: false } })
+      .toCompileTo('val: false');
+
+    expectTemplate('val1: {{{val1}}}, val2: {{{val2}}}')
+      .withInput({
+        val1: false,
+        val2: new Boolean(false),
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val1: false, val2: false');
+
+    expectTemplate('val: {{{val1/val2}}}')
+      .withInput({ val1: { val2: false } })
+      .toCompileTo('val: false');
+    /* eslint-enable */
+  });
+
+  it('should handle undefined and null', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome undefined null}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome(_undefined: any, _null: any, options: any) {
+          return (_undefined === undefined) + ' ' + (_null === null) + ' ' + typeof options;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('true true object');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{undefined}}')
+      .withInput({
+        undefined() {
+          return 'undefined!';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('undefined!');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{null}}')
+      .withInput({
+        null() {
+          return 'null!';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('null!');
+  });
+
+  it('newlines', () => {
+    expectTemplate("Alan's\nTest").toCompileTo("Alan's\nTest");
+    expectTemplate("Alan's\rTest").toCompileTo("Alan's\rTest");
+  });
+
+  it('escaping text', () => {
+    expectTemplate("Awesome's").toCompileTo("Awesome's");
+    expectTemplate('Awesome\\').toCompileTo('Awesome\\');
+    expectTemplate('Awesome\\\\ foo').toCompileTo('Awesome\\\\ foo');
+    expectTemplate('Awesome {{foo}}').withInput({ foo: '\\' }).toCompileTo('Awesome \\');
+    expectTemplate(" ' ' ").toCompileTo(" ' ' ");
+  });
+
+  it('escaping expressions', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{{awesome}}}').withInput({ awesome: "&'\\<>" }).toCompileTo("&'\\<>");
+
+    expectTemplate('{{&awesome}}').withInput({ awesome: "&'\\<>" }).toCompileTo("&'\\<>");
+
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome}}')
+      .withInput({ awesome: '&"\'`\\<>' })
+      .toCompileTo('&amp;&quot;&#x27;&#x60;\\&lt;&gt;');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome}}')
+      .withInput({ awesome: 'Escaped, <b> looks like: &lt;b&gt;' })
+      .toCompileTo('Escaped, &lt;b&gt; looks like: &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;');
+  });
+
+  it("functions returning safestrings shouldn't be escaped", () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome() {
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString("&'\\<>");
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo("&'\\<>");
+  });
+
+  it('functions', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome() {
+          return 'Awesome';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Awesome');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome() {
+          return this.more;
+        },
+        more: 'More awesome',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('More awesome');
+  });
+
+  it('functions with context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{awesome frank}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome(context: any) {
+          return context;
+        },
+        frank: 'Frank',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Frank');
+  });
+
+  it('pathed functions with context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{bar.awesome frank}}')
+      .withInput({
+        bar: {
+          awesome(context: any) {
+            return context;
+          },
+        },
+        frank: 'Frank',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Frank');
+  });
+
+  it('depthed functions with context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#with frank}}{{../awesome .}}{{/with}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome(context: any) {
+          return context;
+        },
+        frank: 'Frank',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Frank');
+  });
+
+  it('block functions with context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#awesome 1}}inner {{.}}{{/awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome(context: any, options: any) {
+          return options.fn(context);
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('inner 1');
+  });
+
+  it('depthed block functions with context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#with value}}{{#../awesome 1}}inner {{.}}{{/../awesome}}{{/with}}')
+      .withInput({
+        value: true,
+        awesome(context: any, options: any) {
+          return options.fn(context);
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('inner 1');
+  });
+
+  it('block functions without context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#awesome}}inner{{/awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        awesome(options: any) {
+          return options.fn(this);
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('inner');
+  });
+
+  it('pathed block functions without context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#foo.awesome}}inner{{/foo.awesome}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo: {
+          awesome() {
+            return this;
+          },
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('inner');
+  });
+
+  it('depthed block functions without context argument', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#with value}}{{#../awesome}}inner{{/../awesome}}{{/with}}')
+      .withInput({
+        value: true,
+        awesome() {
+          return this;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('inner');
+  });
+
+  it('paths with hyphens', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo-bar}}').withInput({ 'foo-bar': 'baz' }).toCompileTo('baz');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{foo.foo-bar}}')
+      .withInput({ foo: { 'foo-bar': 'baz' } })
+      .toCompileTo('baz');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{foo/foo-bar}}')
+      .withInput({ foo: { 'foo-bar': 'baz' } })
+      .toCompileTo('baz');
+  });
+
+  it('nested paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{alan/expression}} world!')
+      .withInput({ alan: { expression: 'beautiful' } })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+  });
+
+  it('nested paths with empty string value', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{alan/expression}} world!')
+      .withInput({ alan: { expression: '' } })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye  world!');
+  });
+
+  it('literal paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{[@alan]/expression}} world!')
+      .withInput({ '@alan': { expression: 'beautiful' } })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{[foo bar]/expression}} world!')
+      .withInput({ 'foo bar': { expression: 'beautiful' } })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+  });
+
+  it('literal references', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{[foo bar]}} world!')
+      .withInput({ 'foo bar': 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{"foo bar"}} world!')
+      .withInput({ 'foo bar': 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate("Goodbye {{'foo bar'}} world!")
+      .withInput({ 'foo bar': 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{"foo[bar"}} world!')
+      .withInput({ 'foo[bar': 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate('Goodbye {{"foo\'bar"}} world!')
+      .withInput({ "foo'bar": 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+
+    expectTemplate("Goodbye {{'foo\"bar'}} world!")
+      .withInput({ 'foo"bar': 'beautiful' })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye beautiful world!');
+  });
+
+  it("that current context path ({{.}}) doesn't hit helpers", () => {
+    expectTemplate('test: {{.}}')
+      .withInput(null)
+      // @ts-expect-error Setting the helper to a string instead of a function doesn't make sense normally, but here it doesn't matter
+      .withHelpers({ helper: 'awesome' })
+      .toCompileTo('test: ');
+  });
+
+  it('complex but empty paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{person/name}}')
+      .withInput({ person: { name: null } })
+      .toCompileTo('');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{person/name}}').withInput({ person: {} }).toCompileTo('');
+  });
+
+  it('this keyword in paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{this}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({ goodbyes: ['goodbye', 'Goodbye', 'GOODBYE'] })
+      .toCompileTo('goodbyeGoodbyeGOODBYE');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#hellos}}{{this/text}}{{/hellos}}')
+      .withInput({
+        hellos: [{ text: 'hello' }, { text: 'Hello' }, { text: 'HELLO' }],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('helloHelloHELLO');
+  });
+
+  it('this keyword nested inside path', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hellos}}{{text/this/foo}}{{/hellos}}').toThrow(
+      'Invalid path: text/this - 1:13'
+    );
+
+    expectTemplate('{{[this]}}').withInput({ this: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{text/[this]}}')
+      .withInput({ text: { this: 'bar' } })
+      .toCompileTo('bar');
+  });
+
+  it('this keyword in helpers', () => {
+    const helpers = {
+      foo(value: any) {
+        return 'bar ' + value;
+      },
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{foo this}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({ goodbyes: ['goodbye', 'Goodbye', 'GOODBYE'] })
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('bar goodbyebar Goodbyebar GOODBYE');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#hellos}}{{foo this/text}}{{/hellos}}')
+      .withInput({
+        hellos: [{ text: 'hello' }, { text: 'Hello' }, { text: 'HELLO' }],
+      })
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('bar hellobar Hellobar HELLO');
+  });
+
+  it('this keyword nested inside helpers param', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hellos}}{{foo text/this/foo}}{{/hellos}}').toThrow(
+      'Invalid path: text/this - 1:17'
+    );
+
+    expectTemplate('{{foo [this]}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo(value: any) {
+          return value;
+        },
+        this: 'bar',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('bar');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{foo text/[this]}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo(value: any) {
+          return value;
+        },
+        text: { this: 'bar' },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('bar');
+  });
+
+  it('pass string literals', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{"foo"}}').toCompileTo('');
+    expectTemplate('{{"foo"}}').withInput({ foo: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#"foo"}}{{.}}{{/"foo"}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo: ['bar', 'baz'],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('barbaz');
+  });
+
+  it('pass number literals', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{12}}').toCompileTo('');
+    expectTemplate('{{12}}').withInput({ '12': 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+    expectTemplate('{{12.34}}').toCompileTo('');
+    expectTemplate('{{12.34}}').withInput({ '12.34': 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+    expectTemplate('{{12.34 1}}')
+      .withInput({
+        '12.34'(arg: any) {
+          return 'bar' + arg;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('bar1');
+  });
+
+  it('pass boolean literals', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{true}}').toCompileTo('');
+    expectTemplate('{{true}}').withInput({ '': 'foo' }).toCompileTo('');
+    expectTemplate('{{false}}').withInput({ false: 'foo' }).toCompileTo('foo');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle literals in subexpression', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo (false)}}')
+      .withInput({
+        false() {
+          return 'bar';
+        },
+      })
+      .withHelper('foo', function (arg) {
+        return arg;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('bar');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.blocks.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.blocks.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d9a8707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.blocks.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, { type HelperOptions } from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('blocks', () => {
+  it('array', () => {
+    const string = '{{#goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/goodbyes}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('goodbye! Goodbye! GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+  });
+
+  it('array without data', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{text}}{{/goodbyes}} {{#goodbyes}}{{text}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('goodbyeGoodbyeGOODBYE goodbyeGoodbyeGOODBYE');
+  });
+
+  it('array with @index', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{@index}}. {{text}}! {{/goodbyes}}cruel {{world}}!')
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('0. goodbye! 1. Goodbye! 2. GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+  });
+
+  it('empty block', () => {
+    const string = '{{#goodbyes}}{{/goodbyes}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({
+        goodbyes: [],
+        world: 'world',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+  });
+
+  it('block with complex lookup', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{text}} cruel {{../name}}! {{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        name: 'Alan',
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('goodbye cruel Alan! Goodbye cruel Alan! GOODBYE cruel Alan! ');
+  });
+
+  it('multiple blocks with complex lookup', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{../name}}{{../name}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        name: 'Alan',
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('AlanAlanAlanAlanAlanAlan');
+  });
+
+  it('block with complex lookup using nested context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{text}} cruel {{foo/../name}}! {{/goodbyes}}').toThrow(Error);
+  });
+
+  it('block with deep nested complex lookup', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#outer}}Goodbye {{#inner}}cruel {{../sibling}} {{../../omg}}{{/inner}}{{/outer}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({
+        omg: 'OMG!',
+        outer: [{ sibling: 'sad', inner: [{ text: 'goodbye' }] }],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye cruel sad OMG!');
+  });
+
+  it('works with cached blocks', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#each person}}{{#with .}}{{first}} {{last}}{{/with}}{{/each}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+      .withInput({
+        person: [
+          { first: 'Alan', last: 'Johnson' },
+          { first: 'Alan', last: 'Johnson' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Alan JohnsonAlan Johnson');
+  });
+
+  describe('inverted sections', () => {
+    it('inverted sections with unset value', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#goodbyes}}{{this}}{{/goodbyes}}{{^goodbyes}}Right On!{{/goodbyes}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('Right On!');
+    });
+
+    it('inverted section with false value', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{this}}{{/goodbyes}}{{^goodbyes}}Right On!{{/goodbyes}}')
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: false })
+        .toCompileTo('Right On!');
+    });
+
+    it('inverted section with empty set', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{this}}{{/goodbyes}}{{^goodbyes}}Right On!{{/goodbyes}}')
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: [] })
+        .toCompileTo('Right On!');
+    });
+
+    it('block inverted sections', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}{{name}}{{^}}{{none}}{{/people}}')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people');
+    });
+
+    it('chained inverted sections', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}{{name}}{{else if none}}{{none}}{{/people}}')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people');
+
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#people}}{{name}}{{else if nothere}}fail{{else unless nothere}}{{none}}{{/people}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}{{name}}{{else if none}}{{none}}{{else}}fail{{/people}}')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people');
+    });
+
+    it('chained inverted sections with mismatch', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}{{name}}{{else if none}}{{none}}{{/if}}').toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('block inverted sections with empty arrays', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}{{name}}{{^}}{{none}}{{/people}}')
+        .withInput({
+          none: 'No people',
+          people: [],
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('No people');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('standalone sections', () => {
+    it('block standalone else sections', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}\n{{name}}\n{{^}}\n{{none}}\n{{/people}}\n')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people\n');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#none}}\n{{.}}\n{{^}}\n{{none}}\n{{/none}}\n')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people\n');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}\n{{name}}\n{{^}}\n{{none}}\n{{/people}}\n')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people\n');
+    });
+
+    it('block standalone chained else sections', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}\n{{name}}\n{{else if none}}\n{{none}}\n{{/people}}\n')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people\n');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#people}}\n{{name}}\n{{else if none}}\n{{none}}\n{{^}}\n{{/people}}\n')
+        .withInput({ none: 'No people' })
+        .toCompileTo('No people\n');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle nesting', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#data}}\n{{#if true}}\n{{.}}\n{{/if}}\n{{/data}}\nOK.')
+        .withInput({
+          data: [1, 3, 5],
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('1\n3\n5\nOK.');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('decorators', () => {
+    it('should apply mustache decorators', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper}}{{*decorator}}{{/helper}}')
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn) {
+          (fn as any).run = 'success';
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should apply allow undefined return', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper}}{{*decorator}}suc{{/helper}}')
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.fn() + (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn) {
+          (fn as any).run = 'cess';
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should apply block decorators', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper}}{{#*decorator}}success{{/decorator}}{{/helper}}')
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn, props, container, options) {
+          (fn as any).run = options.fn();
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should support nested decorators', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#helper}}{{#*decorator}}{{#*nested}}suc{{/nested}}cess{{/decorator}}{{/helper}}'
+      )
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorators({
+          decorator(fn, props, container, options) {
+            (fn as any).run = options.fn.nested + options.fn();
+            return fn;
+          },
+          nested(fn, props, container, options) {
+            props.nested = options.fn();
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should apply multiple decorators', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#helper}}{{#*decorator}}suc{{/decorator}}{{#*decorator}}cess{{/decorator}}{{/helper}}'
+      )
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn, props, container, options) {
+          (fn as any).run = ((fn as any).run || '') + options.fn();
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should access parent variables', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper}}{{*decorator foo}}{{/helper}}')
+        .withHelper('helper', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (options.fn as any).run;
+        })
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn, props, container, options) {
+          (fn as any).run = options.args;
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should work with root program', () => {
+      let run;
+      expectTemplate('{{*decorator "success"}}')
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn, props, container, options) {
+          expect(options.args[0]).toEqual('success');
+          run = true;
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(run).toEqual(true);
+    });
+
+    it('should fail when accessing variables from root', () => {
+      let run;
+      expectTemplate('{{*decorator foo}}')
+        .withDecorator('decorator', function (fn, props, container, options) {
+          expect(options.args[0]).toBeUndefined();
+          run = true;
+          return fn;
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: 'fail' })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(run).toEqual(true);
+    });
+
+    describe('registration', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
+        global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+      });
+
+      afterEach(() => {
+        global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+      });
+
+      it('unregisters', () => {
+        // @ts-expect-error: Cannot assign to 'decorators' because it is a read-only property.
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators = {};
+
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerDecorator('foo', function () {
+          return 'fail';
+        });
+
+        expect(!!kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.foo).toEqual(true);
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.unregisterDecorator('foo');
+        expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.foo).toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('allows multiple globals', () => {
+        // @ts-expect-error: Cannot assign to 'decorators' because it is a read-only property.
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators = {};
+
+        // @ts-expect-error: Expected 2 arguments, but got 1.
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerDecorator({
+          foo() {},
+          bar() {},
+        });
+
+        expect(!!kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.foo).toEqual(true);
+        expect(!!kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.bar).toEqual(true);
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.unregisterDecorator('foo');
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.unregisterDecorator('bar');
+        expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.foo).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.decorators.bar).toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('fails with multiple and args', () => {
+        expect(() => {
+          kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerDecorator(
+            // @ts-expect-error: Argument of type '{ world(): string; testHelper(): string; }' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.
+            {
+              world() {
+                return 'world!';
+              },
+              testHelper() {
+                return 'found it!';
+              },
+            },
+            {}
+          );
+        }).toThrow('Arg not supported with multiple decorators');
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.builtins.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.builtins.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c47ec29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.builtins.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+/* eslint-disable max-classes-per-file */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('builtin helpers', () => {
+  describe('#if', () => {
+    it('if', () => {
+      const string = '{{#if goodbye}}GOODBYE {{/if}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: true,
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 'dummy',
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: false,
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string).withInput({ world: 'world' }).toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: ['foo'],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: [],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 0,
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#if goodbye includeZero=true}}GOODBYE {{/if}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 0,
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('if with function argument', () => {
+      const string = '{{#if goodbye}}GOODBYE {{/if}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye() {
+            return true;
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye() {
+            return this.world;
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye() {
+            return false;
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye() {
+            return this.foo;
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('should not change the depth list', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with foo}}{{#if goodbye}}GOODBYE cruel {{../world}}!{{/if}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({
+          foo: { goodbye: true },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel world!');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#with', () => {
+    it('with', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with person}}{{first}} {{last}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({
+          person: {
+            first: 'Alan',
+            last: 'Johnson',
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Alan Johnson');
+    });
+
+    it('with with function argument', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with person}}{{first}} {{last}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({
+          person() {
+            return {
+              first: 'Alan',
+              last: 'Johnson',
+            };
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Alan Johnson');
+    });
+
+    it('with with else', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#with person}}Person is present{{else}}Person is not present{{/with}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('Person is not present');
+    });
+
+    it('with provides block parameter', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with person as |foo|}}{{foo.first}} {{last}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({
+          person: {
+            first: 'Alan',
+            last: 'Johnson',
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Alan Johnson');
+    });
+
+    it('works when data is disabled', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with person as |foo|}}{{foo.first}} {{last}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({ person: { first: 'Alan', last: 'Johnson' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+        .toCompileTo('Alan Johnson');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#each', () => {
+    it('each', () => {
+      const string = '{{#each goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! Goodbye! GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each without data', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: false })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! Goodbye! GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#each .}}{{.}}{{/each}}')
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: 'cruel', world: 'world' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: false })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+        .toCompileTo('cruelworld');
+    });
+
+    it('each without context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput(undefined)
+        .toCompileTo('cruel !');
+    });
+
+    it('each with an object and @key', () => {
+      const string = '{{#each goodbyes}}{{@key}}. {{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      function Clazz(this: any) {
+        this['<b>#1</b>'] = { text: 'goodbye' };
+        this[2] = { text: 'GOODBYE' };
+      }
+      Clazz.prototype.foo = 'fail';
+      const hash = { goodbyes: new (Clazz as any)(), world: 'world' };
+
+      // Object property iteration order is undefined according to ECMA spec,
+      // so we need to check both possible orders
+      // @see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/280713/elements-order-in-a-for-in-loop
+      try {
+        expectTemplate(string)
+          .withInput(hash)
+          .toCompileTo('&lt;b&gt;#1&lt;/b&gt;. goodbye! 2. GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+      } catch (e) {
+        expectTemplate(string)
+          .withInput(hash)
+          .toCompileTo('2. GOODBYE! &lt;b&gt;#1&lt;/b&gt;. goodbye! cruel world!');
+      }
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: {},
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with @index', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{@index}}. {{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('0. goodbye! 1. Goodbye! 2. GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with nested @index', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#each goodbyes}}{{@index}}. {{text}}! {{#each ../goodbyes}}{{@index}} {{/each}}After {{@index}} {{/each}}{{@index}}cruel {{world}}!'
+      )
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '0. goodbye! 0 1 2 After 0 1. Goodbye! 0 1 2 After 1 2. GOODBYE! 0 1 2 After 2 cruel world!'
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('each with block params', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#each goodbyes as |value index|}}{{index}}. {{value.text}}! {{#each ../goodbyes as |childValue childIndex|}} {{index}} {{childIndex}}{{/each}} After {{index}} {{/each}}{{index}}cruel {{world}}!'
+      )
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('0. goodbye!  0 0 0 1 After 0 1. Goodbye!  1 0 1 1 After 1 cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    // TODO: This test has been added to the `4.x` branch of the handlebars.js repo along with a code-fix,
+    // but a new version of the handlebars package containing this fix has not yet been published to npm.
+    //
+    // Before enabling this code, a new version of handlebars needs to be released and the corresponding
+    // updates needs to be applied to this implementation.
+    //
+    // See: https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/commit/30dbf0478109ded8f12bb29832135d480c17e367
+    it.skip('each with block params and strict compilation', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes as |value index|}}{{index}}. {{value.text}}!{{/each}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }] })
+        .toCompileTo('0. goodbye!1. Goodbye!');
+    });
+
+    it('each object with @index', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{@index}}. {{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: {
+            a: { text: 'goodbye' },
+            b: { text: 'Goodbye' },
+            c: { text: 'GOODBYE' },
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('0. goodbye! 1. Goodbye! 2. GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with @first', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{#if @first}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with nested @first', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#each goodbyes}}({{#if @first}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{#each ../goodbyes}}{{#if @first}}{{text}}!{{/if}}{{/each}}{{#if @first}} {{text}}!{{/if}}) {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!'
+      )
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('(goodbye! goodbye! goodbye!) (goodbye!) (goodbye!) cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each object with @first', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{#if @first}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: { foo: { text: 'goodbye' }, bar: { text: 'Goodbye' } },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with @last', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{#if @last}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each object with @last', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{#if @last}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: { foo: { text: 'goodbye' }, bar: { text: 'Goodbye' } },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Goodbye! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with nested @last', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#each goodbyes}}({{#if @last}}{{text}}! {{/if}}{{#each ../goodbyes}}{{#if @last}}{{text}}!{{/if}}{{/each}}{{#if @last}} {{text}}!{{/if}}) {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!'
+      )
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('(GOODBYE!) (GOODBYE!) (GOODBYE! GOODBYE! GOODBYE!) cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each with function argument', () => {
+      const string = '{{#each goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes() {
+            return [{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }];
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! Goodbye! GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: [],
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('each object when last key is an empty string', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{@index}}. {{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: {
+            a: { text: 'goodbye' },
+            b: { text: 'Goodbye' },
+            '': { text: 'GOODBYE' },
+          },
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('0. goodbye! 1. Goodbye! 2. GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('data passed to helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each letters}}{{this}}{{detectDataInsideEach}}{{/each}}')
+        .withInput({ letters: ['a', 'b', 'c'] })
+        .withHelper('detectDataInsideEach', function (options) {
+          return options.data && options.data.exclaim;
+        })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({
+          data: {
+            exclaim: '!',
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('a!b!c!');
+    });
+
+    it('each on implicit context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel world!').toThrow(Handlebars.Exception);
+    });
+
+    it('each on iterable', () => {
+      class Iterator {
+        private arr: any[];
+        private index: number = 0;
+
+        constructor(arr: any[]) {
+          this.arr = arr;
+        }
+
+        next() {
+          const value = this.arr[this.index];
+          const done = this.index === this.arr.length;
+          if (!done) {
+            this.index++;
+          }
+          return { value, done };
+        }
+      }
+
+      class Iterable {
+        private arr: any[];
+
+        constructor(arr: any[]) {
+          this.arr = arr;
+        }
+
+        [Symbol.iterator]() {
+          return new Iterator(this.arr);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const string = '{{#each goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/each}}cruel {{world}}!';
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: new Iterable([{ text: 'goodbye' }, { text: 'Goodbye' }, { text: 'GOODBYE' }]),
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye! Goodbye! GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate(string)
+        .withInput({
+          goodbyes: new Iterable([]),
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('cruel world!');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#log', function () {
+    /* eslint-disable no-console */
+    let $log: typeof console.log;
+    let $info: typeof console.info;
+    let $error: typeof console.error;
+
+    beforeEach(function () {
+      $log = console.log;
+      $info = console.info;
+      $error = console.error;
+
+      global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+    });
+
+    afterEach(function () {
+      console.log = $log;
+      console.info = $info;
+      console.error = $error;
+
+      global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+    });
+
+    it('should call logger at default level', function () {
+      let levelArg;
+      let logArg;
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.log = function (level, arg) {
+        levelArg = level;
+        logArg = arg;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(1).toEqual(levelArg);
+      expect('whee').toEqual(logArg);
+    });
+
+    it('should call logger at data level', function () {
+      let levelArg;
+      let logArg;
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.log = function (level, arg) {
+        levelArg = level;
+        logArg = arg;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}')
+        .withInput({ blah: 'whee' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { level: '03' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect('03').toEqual(levelArg);
+      expect('whee').toEqual(logArg);
+    });
+
+    it('should output to info', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.info = function (info) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(info);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) {
+          console.info = $info;
+          console.log = $log;
+        }
+      };
+      console.log = function (log) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) {
+          console.info = $info;
+          console.log = $log;
+        }
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should log at data level', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.error = function (log) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) console.error = $error;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}')
+        .withInput({ blah: 'whee' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { level: '03' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle missing logger', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      // @ts-expect-error
+      console.error = undefined;
+      console.log = function (log) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) console.log = $log;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}')
+        .withInput({ blah: 'whee' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { level: '03' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle string log levels', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.error = function (log) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log);
+        calls++;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}')
+        .withInput({ blah: 'whee' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { level: 'error' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+
+      calls = 0;
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah}}')
+        .withInput({ blah: 'whee' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { level: 'ERROR' } })
+        .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle hash log levels [1]', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.error = function (log) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log);
+        calls++;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah level="error"}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle hash log levels [2]', function () {
+      let called = false;
+
+      console.info =
+        console.log =
+        console.error =
+        console.debug =
+          function () {
+            called = true;
+            console.info = console.log = console.error = console.debug = $log;
+          };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah level="debug"}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(false).toEqual(called);
+    });
+
+    it('should pass multiple log arguments', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.info = console.log = function (log1, log2, log3) {
+        expect('whee').toEqual(log1);
+        expect('foo').toEqual(log2);
+        expect(1).toEqual(log3);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) console.log = $log;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log blah "foo" 1}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('should pass zero log arguments', function () {
+      let calls = 0;
+      const callsExpected = process.env.AST || process.env.EVAL ? 1 : 2;
+
+      console.info = console.log = function () {
+        expect(arguments.length).toEqual(0);
+        calls++;
+        if (calls === callsExpected) console.log = $log;
+      };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{log}}').withInput({ blah: 'whee' }).toCompileTo('');
+      expect(calls).toEqual(callsExpected);
+    });
+    /* eslint-enable no-console */
+  });
+
+  describe('#lookup', () => {
+    it('should lookup arbitrary content', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{lookup ../data .}}{{/each}}')
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: [0, 1], data: ['foo', 'bar'] })
+        .toCompileTo('foobar');
+    });
+
+    it('should not fail on undefined value', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#each goodbyes}}{{lookup ../bar .}}{{/each}}')
+        .withInput({ goodbyes: [0, 1], data: ['foo', 'bar'] })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.compiler.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.compiler.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef5c55f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.compiler.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { forEachCompileFunctionName } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('compiler', () => {
+  forEachCompileFunctionName((compileName) => {
+    const compile = Handlebars[compileName].bind(Handlebars);
+
+    describe(`#${compileName}`, () => {
+      it('should fail with invalid input', () => {
+        expect(function () {
+          compile(null);
+        }).toThrow(
+          `You must pass a string or Handlebars AST to Handlebars.${compileName}. You passed null`
+        );
+
+        expect(function () {
+          compile({});
+        }).toThrow(
+          `You must pass a string or Handlebars AST to Handlebars.${compileName}. You passed [object Object]`
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('should include the location in the error (row and column)', () => {
+        try {
+          compile(' \n  {{#if}}\n{{/def}}')();
+          expect(true).toEqual(false);
+        } catch (err) {
+          expect(err.message).toEqual("if doesn't match def - 2:5");
+          if (Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(err, 'column')!.writable) {
+            // In Safari 8, the column-property is read-only. This means that even if it is set with defineProperty,
+            // its value won't change (https://github.com/jquery/esprima/issues/1290#issuecomment-132455482)
+            // Since this was neither working in Handlebars 3 nor in 4.0.5, we only check the column for other browsers.
+            expect(err.column).toEqual(5);
+          }
+          expect(err.lineNumber).toEqual(2);
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('should include the location as enumerable property', () => {
+        try {
+          compile(' \n  {{#if}}\n{{/def}}')();
+          expect(true).toEqual(false);
+        } catch (err) {
+          expect(Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(err, 'column')).toEqual(true);
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('can utilize AST instance', () => {
+        expect(
+          compile({
+            type: 'Program',
+            body: [{ type: 'ContentStatement', value: 'Hello' }],
+          })()
+        ).toEqual('Hello');
+      });
+
+      it('can pass through an empty string', () => {
+        expect(compile('')()).toEqual('');
+      });
+
+      it('should not modify the options.data property(GH-1327)', () => {
+        // The `data` property is supposed to be a boolean, but in this test we want to ignore that
+        const options = { data: [{ a: 'foo' }, { a: 'bar' }] as unknown as boolean };
+        compile('{{#each data}}{{@index}}:{{a}} {{/each}}', options)();
+        expect(JSON.stringify(options, null, 2)).toEqual(
+          JSON.stringify({ data: [{ a: 'foo' }, { a: 'bar' }] }, null, 2)
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('should not modify the options.knownHelpers property(GH-1327)', () => {
+        const options = { knownHelpers: {} };
+        compile('{{#each data}}{{@index}}:{{a}} {{/each}}', options)();
+        expect(JSON.stringify(options, null, 2)).toEqual(
+          JSON.stringify({ knownHelpers: {} }, null, 2)
+        );
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.data.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.data.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94d3b51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.data.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, { type HelperOptions } from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('data', () => {
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - works with helpers', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (this: any, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + this.noun;
+      })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .withInput({ noun: 'cat' })
+      .toCompileTo('happy cat');
+  });
+
+  it('data can be looked up via @foo', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{@hello}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { hello: 'hello' } })
+      .toCompileTo('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('deep @foo triggers automatic top-level data', () => {
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+    const helpers = Handlebars.createFrame(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers);
+
+    helpers.let = function (options: HelperOptions) {
+      const frame = Handlebars.createFrame(options.data);
+
+      for (const prop in options.hash) {
+        if (prop in options.hash) {
+          frame[prop] = options.hash[prop];
+        }
+      }
+      return options.fn(this, { data: frame });
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#let world="world"}}{{#if foo}}{{#if foo}}Hello {{@world}}{{/if}}{{/if}}{{/let}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({ foo: true })
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('Hello world');
+
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+  });
+
+  it('parameter data can be looked up via @foo', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello @world}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { world: 'world' } })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (noun) {
+        return 'Hello ' + noun;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Hello world');
+  });
+
+  it('hash values can be looked up via @foo', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello noun=@world}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { world: 'world' } })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (options) {
+        return 'Hello ' + options.hash.noun;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Hello world');
+  });
+
+  it('nested parameter data can be looked up via @foo.bar', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello @world.bar}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { world: { bar: 'world' } } })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (noun) {
+        return 'Hello ' + noun;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Hello world');
+  });
+
+  it('nested parameter data does not fail with @world.bar', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello @world.bar}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { foo: { bar: 'world' } } })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (noun) {
+        return 'Hello ' + noun;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Hello undefined');
+  });
+
+  it('parameter data throws when using complex scope references', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{text}} cruel {{@foo/../name}}! {{/goodbyes}}').toThrow(Error);
+  });
+
+  it('data can be functions', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{@hello}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({
+        data: {
+          hello() {
+            return 'hello';
+          },
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('data can be functions with params', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{@hello "hello"}}')
+      .withRuntimeOptions({
+        data: {
+          hello(arg: any) {
+            return arg;
+          },
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('data is inherited downstream', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#let foo=1 bar=2}}{{#let foo=bar.baz}}{{@bar}}{{@foo}}{{/let}}{{@foo}}{{/let}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({ bar: { baz: 'hello world' } })
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('let', function (this: any, options) {
+        const frame = Handlebars.createFrame(options.data);
+        for (const prop in options.hash) {
+          if (prop in options.hash) {
+            frame[prop] = options.hash[prop];
+          }
+        }
+        return options.fn(this, { data: frame });
+      })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: {} })
+      .toCompileTo('2hello world1');
+  });
+
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - works with helpers in partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{>myPartial}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withPartial('myPartial', '{{hello}}')
+      .withHelper('hello', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + this.noun;
+      })
+      .withInput({ noun: 'cat' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('happy cat');
+  });
+
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - works with helpers and parameters', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{hello world}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (this: any, noun, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + noun + (this.exclaim ? '!' : '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true, world: 'world' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('happy world!');
+  });
+
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - works with block helpers', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{world}}{{/hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({
+        data: true,
+      })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (this: any, options) {
+        return options.fn(this);
+      })
+      .withHelper('world', function (this: any, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' world' + (this.exclaim ? '!' : '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('happy world!');
+  });
+
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - works with block helpers that use ..', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{world ../zomg}}{{/hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (options) {
+        return options.fn({ exclaim: '?' });
+      })
+      .withHelper('world', function (this: any, thing, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + thing + (this.exclaim || '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true, zomg: 'world' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('happy world?');
+  });
+
+  it('passing in data to a compiled function that expects data - data is passed to with block helpers where children use ..', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{world ../zomg}}{{/hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (options) {
+        return options.data.accessData + ' ' + options.fn({ exclaim: '?' });
+      })
+      .withHelper('world', function (this: any, thing, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + thing + (this.exclaim || '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true, zomg: 'world' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy', accessData: '#win' } })
+      .toCompileTo('#win happy world?');
+  });
+
+  it('you can override inherited data when invoking a helper', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{world zomg}}{{/hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (options) {
+        return options.fn({ exclaim: '?', zomg: 'world' }, { data: { adjective: 'sad' } });
+      })
+      .withHelper('world', function (this: any, thing, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + thing + (this.exclaim || '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true, zomg: 'planet' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('sad world?');
+  });
+
+  it('you can override inherited data when invoking a helper with depth', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{world ../zomg}}{{/hello}}')
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: true })
+      .withHelper('hello', function (options) {
+        return options.fn({ exclaim: '?' }, { data: { adjective: 'sad' } });
+      })
+      .withHelper('world', function (this: any, thing, options) {
+        return options.data.adjective + ' ' + thing + (this.exclaim || '');
+      })
+      .withInput({ exclaim: true, zomg: 'world' })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { adjective: 'happy' } })
+      .toCompileTo('sad world?');
+  });
+
+  describe('@root', () => {
+    it('the root context can be looked up via @root', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{@root.foo}}')
+        .withInput({ foo: 'hello' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: {} })
+        .toCompileTo('hello');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{@root.foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'hello' }).toCompileTo('hello');
+    });
+
+    it('passed root values take priority', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{@root.foo}}')
+        .withInput({ foo: 'should not be used' })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({ data: { root: { foo: 'hello' } } })
+        .toCompileTo('hello');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('nesting', () => {
+    it('the root context can be looked up via @root', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#helper}}{{#helper}}{{@./depth}} {{@../depth}} {{@../../depth}}{{/helper}}{{/helper}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({ foo: 'hello' })
+        .withHelper('helper', function (this: any, options) {
+          const frame = Handlebars.createFrame(options.data);
+          frame.depth = options.data.depth + 1;
+          return options.fn(this, { data: frame });
+        })
+        .withRuntimeOptions({
+          data: {
+            depth: 0,
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('2 1 0');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.helpers.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.helpers.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4cfa39bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.helpers.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, { type HelperOptions } from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+});
+
+describe('helpers', () => {
+  it('helper with complex lookup$', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{{link ../prefix}}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        prefix: '/root',
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'Goodbye', url: 'goodbye' }],
+      })
+      .withHelper('link', function (this: any, prefix) {
+        return '<a href="' + prefix + '/' + this.url + '">' + this.text + '</a>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<a href="/root/goodbye">Goodbye</a>');
+  });
+
+  it('helper for raw block gets raw content', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{{{raw}}}} {{test}} {{{{/raw}}}}')
+      .withInput({ test: 'hello' })
+      .withHelper('raw', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+        return options.fn();
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' {{test}} ');
+  });
+
+  it('helper for raw block gets parameters', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{{{raw 1 2 3}}}} {{test}} {{{{/raw}}}}')
+      .withInput({ test: 'hello' })
+      .withHelper('raw', function (a, b, c, options: HelperOptions) {
+        const ret = options.fn() + a + b + c;
+        return ret;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' {{test}} 123');
+  });
+
+  describe('raw block parsing (with identity helper-function)', () => {
+    function runWithIdentityHelper(template: string, expected: string) {
+      expectTemplate(template)
+        .withHelper('identity', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.fn();
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(expected);
+    }
+
+    it('helper for nested raw block gets raw content', () => {
+      runWithIdentityHelper(
+        '{{{{identity}}}} {{{{b}}}} {{{{/b}}}} {{{{/identity}}}}',
+        ' {{{{b}}}} {{{{/b}}}} '
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('helper for nested raw block works with empty content', () => {
+      runWithIdentityHelper('{{{{identity}}}}{{{{/identity}}}}', '');
+    });
+
+    it.skip('helper for nested raw block works if nested raw blocks are broken', () => {
+      // This test was introduced in 4.4.4, but it was not the actual problem that lead to the patch release
+      // The test is deactivated, because in 3.x this template cases an exception and it also does not work in 4.4.3
+      // If anyone can make this template work without breaking everything else, then go for it,
+      // but for now, this is just a known bug, that will be documented.
+      runWithIdentityHelper(
+        '{{{{identity}}}} {{{{a}}}} {{{{ {{{{/ }}}} }}}} {{{{/identity}}}}',
+        ' {{{{a}}}} {{{{ {{{{/ }}}} }}}} '
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('helper for nested raw block closes after first matching close', () => {
+      runWithIdentityHelper(
+        '{{{{identity}}}}abc{{{{/identity}}}} {{{{identity}}}}abc{{{{/identity}}}}',
+        'abc abc'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('helper for nested raw block throw exception when with missing closing braces', () => {
+      const string = '{{{{a}}}} {{{{/a';
+      expectTemplate(string).toThrow();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('helper block with identical context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{name}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Alan' })
+      .withHelper('goodbyes', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        let out = '';
+        const byes = ['Goodbye', 'goodbye', 'GOODBYE'];
+        for (let i = 0, j = byes.length; i < j; i++) {
+          out += byes[i] + ' ' + options.fn(this) + '! ';
+        }
+        return out;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye Alan! goodbye Alan! GOODBYE Alan! ');
+  });
+
+  it('helper block with complex lookup expression', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{../name}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Alan' })
+      .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+        let out = '';
+        const byes = ['Goodbye', 'goodbye', 'GOODBYE'];
+        for (let i = 0, j = byes.length; i < j; i++) {
+          out += byes[i] + ' ' + options.fn({}) + '! ';
+        }
+        return out;
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Goodbye Alan! goodbye Alan! GOODBYE Alan! ');
+  });
+
+  it('helper with complex lookup and nested template', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{#link ../prefix}}{{text}}{{/link}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        prefix: '/root',
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'Goodbye', url: 'goodbye' }],
+      })
+      .withHelper('link', function (this: any, prefix, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<a href="' + prefix + '/' + this.url + '">' + options.fn(this) + '</a>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<a href="/root/goodbye">Goodbye</a>');
+  });
+
+  it('helper with complex lookup and nested template in VM+Compiler', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{#link ../prefix}}{{text}}{{/link}}{{/goodbyes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        prefix: '/root',
+        goodbyes: [{ text: 'Goodbye', url: 'goodbye' }],
+      })
+      .withHelper('link', function (this: any, prefix, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<a href="' + prefix + '/' + this.url + '">' + options.fn(this) + '</a>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<a href="/root/goodbye">Goodbye</a>');
+  });
+
+  it('helper returning undefined value', () => {
+    expectTemplate(' {{nothere}}')
+      .withHelpers({
+        nothere() {},
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' ');
+
+    expectTemplate(' {{#nothere}}{{/nothere}}')
+      .withHelpers({
+        nothere() {},
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' ');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes}}{{text}}! {{/goodbyes}}cruel {{world}}!')
+      .withInput({ world: 'world' })
+      .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+        return options.fn({ text: 'GOODBYE' });
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('GOODBYE! cruel world!');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper staying in the same context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#form}}<p>{{name}}</p>{{/form}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Yehuda' })
+      .withHelper('form', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<form>' + options.fn(this) + '</form>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<form><p>Yehuda</p></form>');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper should have context in this', () => {
+    function link(this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+      return '<a href="/people/' + this.id + '">' + options.fn(this) + '</a>';
+    }
+
+    expectTemplate('<ul>{{#people}}<li>{{#link}}{{name}}{{/link}}</li>{{/people}}</ul>')
+      .withInput({
+        people: [
+          { name: 'Alan', id: 1 },
+          { name: 'Yehuda', id: 2 },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withHelper('link', link)
+      .toCompileTo(
+        '<ul><li><a href="/people/1">Alan</a></li><li><a href="/people/2">Yehuda</a></li></ul>'
+      );
+  });
+
+  it('block helper for undefined value', () => {
+    expectTemplate("{{#empty}}shouldn't render{{/empty}}").toCompileTo('');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper passing a new context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#form yehuda}}<p>{{name}}</p>{{/form}}')
+      .withInput({ yehuda: { name: 'Yehuda' } })
+      .withHelper('form', function (context, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<form>' + options.fn(context) + '</form>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<form><p>Yehuda</p></form>');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper passing a complex path context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#form yehuda/cat}}<p>{{name}}</p>{{/form}}')
+      .withInput({ yehuda: { name: 'Yehuda', cat: { name: 'Harold' } } })
+      .withHelper('form', function (context, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<form>' + options.fn(context) + '</form>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<form><p>Harold</p></form>');
+  });
+
+  it('nested block helpers', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#form yehuda}}<p>{{name}}</p>{{#link}}Hello{{/link}}{{/form}}')
+      .withInput({
+        yehuda: { name: 'Yehuda' },
+      })
+      .withHelper('link', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<a href="' + this.name + '">' + options.fn(this) + '</a>';
+      })
+      .withHelper('form', function (context, options: HelperOptions) {
+        return '<form>' + options.fn(context) + '</form>';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<form><p>Yehuda</p><a href="Yehuda">Hello</a></form>');
+  });
+
+  it('block helper inverted sections', () => {
+    const string = "{{#list people}}{{name}}{{^}}<em>Nobody's here</em>{{/list}}";
+    function list(this: any, context: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+      if (context.length > 0) {
+        let out = '<ul>';
+        for (let i = 0, j = context.length; i < j; i++) {
+          out += '<li>';
+          out += options.fn(context[i]);
+          out += '</li>';
+        }
+        out += '</ul>';
+        return out;
+      } else {
+        return '<p>' + options.inverse(this) + '</p>';
+      }
+    }
+
+    // the meaning here may be kind of hard to catch, but list.not is always called,
+    // so we should see the output of both
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({ people: [{ name: 'Alan' }, { name: 'Yehuda' }] })
+      .withHelpers({ list })
+      .toCompileTo('<ul><li>Alan</li><li>Yehuda</li></ul>');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput({ people: [] })
+      .withHelpers({ list })
+      .toCompileTo("<p><em>Nobody's here</em></p>");
+
+    expectTemplate('{{#list people}}Hello{{^}}{{message}}{{/list}}')
+      .withInput({
+        people: [],
+        message: "Nobody's here",
+      })
+      .withHelpers({ list })
+      .toCompileTo('<p>Nobody&#x27;s here</p>');
+  });
+
+  it('pathed lambas with parameters', () => {
+    const hash = {
+      helper: () => 'winning',
+    };
+    // @ts-expect-error
+    hash.hash = hash;
+
+    const helpers = {
+      './helper': () => 'fail',
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate('{{./helper 1}}').withInput(hash).withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('winning');
+    expectTemplate('{{hash/helper 1}}').withInput(hash).withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('winning');
+  });
+
+  describe('helpers hash', () => {
+    it('providing a helpers hash', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Goodbye {{cruel}} {{world}}!')
+        .withInput({ cruel: 'cruel' })
+        .withHelpers({
+          world() {
+            return 'world';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Goodbye cruel world!');
+
+      expectTemplate('Goodbye {{#iter}}{{cruel}} {{world}}{{/iter}}!')
+        .withInput({ iter: [{ cruel: 'cruel' }] })
+        .withHelpers({
+          world() {
+            return 'world';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Goodbye cruel world!');
+    });
+
+    it('in cases of conflict, helpers win', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{{lookup}}}')
+        .withInput({ lookup: 'Explicit' })
+        .withHelpers({
+          lookup() {
+            return 'helpers';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('helpers');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{lookup}}')
+        .withInput({ lookup: 'Explicit' })
+        .withHelpers({
+          lookup() {
+            return 'helpers';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('helpers');
+    });
+
+    it('the helpers hash is available is nested contexts', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#outer}}{{#inner}}{{helper}}{{/inner}}{{/outer}}')
+        .withInput({ outer: { inner: { unused: [] } } })
+        .withHelpers({
+          helper() {
+            return 'helper';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('helper');
+    });
+
+    it('the helper hash should augment the global hash', () => {
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerHelper('test_helper', function () {
+        return 'found it!';
+      });
+
+      expectTemplate('{{test_helper}} {{#if cruel}}Goodbye {{cruel}} {{world}}!{{/if}}')
+        .withInput({ cruel: 'cruel' })
+        .withHelpers({
+          world() {
+            return 'world!';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('found it! Goodbye cruel world!!');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('registration', () => {
+    it('unregisters', () => {
+      deleteAllKeys(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers);
+
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerHelper('foo', function () {
+        return 'fail';
+      });
+      expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers.foo).toBeDefined();
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.unregisterHelper('foo');
+      expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers.foo).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('allows multiple globals', () => {
+      const ifHelper = kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers.if;
+      deleteAllKeys(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.helpers);
+
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerHelper({
+        if: ifHelper,
+        world() {
+          return 'world!';
+        },
+        testHelper() {
+          return 'found it!';
+        },
+      });
+
+      expectTemplate('{{testHelper}} {{#if cruel}}Goodbye {{cruel}} {{world}}!{{/if}}')
+        .withInput({ cruel: 'cruel' })
+        .toCompileTo('found it! Goodbye cruel world!!');
+    });
+
+    it('fails with multiple and args', () => {
+      expect(() => {
+        kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerHelper(
+          // @ts-expect-error TypeScript is complaining about the invalid input just as the thrown error
+          {
+            world() {
+              return 'world!';
+            },
+            testHelper() {
+              return 'found it!';
+            },
+          },
+          {}
+        );
+      }).toThrow('Arg not supported with multiple helpers');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('decimal number literals work', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Message: {{hello -1.2 1.2}}')
+      .withHelper('hello', function (times, times2) {
+        if (typeof times !== 'number') {
+          times = 'NaN';
+        }
+        if (typeof times2 !== 'number') {
+          times2 = 'NaN';
+        }
+        return 'Hello ' + times + ' ' + times2 + ' times';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Message: Hello -1.2 1.2 times');
+  });
+
+  it('negative number literals work', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Message: {{hello -12}}')
+      .withHelper('hello', function (times) {
+        if (typeof times !== 'number') {
+          times = 'NaN';
+        }
+        return 'Hello ' + times + ' times';
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Message: Hello -12 times');
+  });
+
+  describe('String literal parameters', () => {
+    it('simple literals work', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{hello "world" 12 true false}}')
+        .withHelper('hello', function (param, times, bool1, bool2) {
+          if (typeof times !== 'number') {
+            times = 'NaN';
+          }
+          if (typeof bool1 !== 'boolean') {
+            bool1 = 'NaB';
+          }
+          if (typeof bool2 !== 'boolean') {
+            bool2 = 'NaB';
+          }
+          return 'Hello ' + param + ' ' + times + ' times: ' + bool1 + ' ' + bool2;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Message: Hello world 12 times: true false');
+    });
+
+    it('using a quote in the middle of a parameter raises an error', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{hello wo"rld"}}').toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('escaping a String is possible', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{{hello "\\"world\\""}}}')
+        .withHelper('hello', function (param) {
+          return 'Hello ' + param;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Message: Hello "world"');
+    });
+
+    it("it works with ' marks", () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{{hello "Alan\'s world"}}}')
+        .withHelper('hello', function (param) {
+          return 'Hello ' + param;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo("Message: Hello Alan's world");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('multiple parameters', () => {
+    it('simple multi-params work', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{goodbye cruel world}}')
+        .withInput({ cruel: 'cruel', world: 'world' })
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (cruel, world) {
+          return 'Goodbye ' + cruel + ' ' + world;
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Message: Goodbye cruel world');
+    });
+
+    it('block multi-params work', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Message: {{#goodbye cruel world}}{{greeting}} {{adj}} {{noun}}{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withInput({ cruel: 'cruel', world: 'world' })
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (cruel, world, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.fn({ greeting: 'Goodbye', adj: cruel, noun: world });
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Message: Goodbye cruel world');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('hash', () => {
+    it('helpers can take an optional hash', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{goodbye cruel="CRUEL" world="WORLD" times=12}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (
+            'GOODBYE ' +
+            options.hash.cruel +
+            ' ' +
+            options.hash.world +
+            ' ' +
+            options.hash.times +
+            ' TIMES'
+          );
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE CRUEL WORLD 12 TIMES');
+    });
+
+    it('helpers can take an optional hash with booleans', () => {
+      function goodbye(options: HelperOptions) {
+        if (options.hash.print === true) {
+          return 'GOODBYE ' + options.hash.cruel + ' ' + options.hash.world;
+        } else if (options.hash.print === false) {
+          return 'NOT PRINTING';
+        } else {
+          return 'THIS SHOULD NOT HAPPEN';
+        }
+      }
+
+      expectTemplate('{{goodbye cruel="CRUEL" world="WORLD" print=true}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', goodbye)
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE CRUEL WORLD');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{goodbye cruel="CRUEL" world="WORLD" print=false}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', goodbye)
+        .toCompileTo('NOT PRINTING');
+    });
+
+    it('block helpers can take an optional hash', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye cruel="CRUEL" times=12}}world{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (
+            'GOODBYE ' +
+            options.hash.cruel +
+            ' ' +
+            options.fn(this) +
+            ' ' +
+            options.hash.times +
+            ' TIMES'
+          );
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE CRUEL world 12 TIMES');
+    });
+
+    it('block helpers can take an optional hash with single quoted stings', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye cruel="CRUEL" times=12}}world{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return (
+            'GOODBYE ' +
+            options.hash.cruel +
+            ' ' +
+            options.fn(this) +
+            ' ' +
+            options.hash.times +
+            ' TIMES'
+          );
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE CRUEL world 12 TIMES');
+    });
+
+    it('block helpers can take an optional hash with booleans', () => {
+      function goodbye(this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        if (options.hash.print === true) {
+          return 'GOODBYE ' + options.hash.cruel + ' ' + options.fn(this);
+        } else if (options.hash.print === false) {
+          return 'NOT PRINTING';
+        } else {
+          return 'THIS SHOULD NOT HAPPEN';
+        }
+      }
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye cruel="CRUEL" print=true}}world{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', goodbye)
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE CRUEL world');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye cruel="CRUEL" print=false}}world{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', goodbye)
+        .toCompileTo('NOT PRINTING');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('helperMissing', () => {
+    it('if a context is not found, helperMissing is used', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}} {{link_to world}}').toThrow(/Missing helper: "link_to"/);
+    });
+
+    it('if a context is not found, custom helperMissing is used', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}} {{link_to world}}')
+        .withInput({ hello: 'Hello', world: 'world' })
+        .withHelper('helperMissing', function (mesg, options: HelperOptions) {
+          if (options.name === 'link_to') {
+            return new Handlebars.SafeString('<a>' + mesg + '</a>');
+          }
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Hello <a>world</a>');
+    });
+
+    it('if a value is not found, custom helperMissing is used', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}} {{link_to}}')
+        .withInput({ hello: 'Hello', world: 'world' })
+        .withHelper('helperMissing', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          if (options.name === 'link_to') {
+            return new Handlebars.SafeString('<a>winning</a>');
+          }
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Hello <a>winning</a>');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('knownHelpers', () => {
+    it('Known helper should render helper', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpers: { hello: true },
+        })
+        .withHelper('hello', function () {
+          return 'foo';
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('foo');
+    });
+
+    it('Unknown helper in knownHelpers only mode should be passed as undefined', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{typeof hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpers: { typeof: true },
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withHelper('typeof', function (arg) {
+          return typeof arg;
+        })
+        .withHelper('hello', function () {
+          return 'foo';
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('undefined');
+    });
+
+    it('Builtin helpers available in knownHelpers only mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#unless foo}}bar{{/unless}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('Field lookup works in knownHelpers only mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: 'bar' })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('Conditional blocks work in knownHelpers only mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#foo}}bar{{/foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: 'baz' })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('Invert blocks work in knownHelpers only mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{^foo}}bar{{/foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withInput({ foo: false })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('Functions are bound to the context in knownHelpers only mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withInput({
+          foo() {
+            return this.bar;
+          },
+          bar: 'bar',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('Unknown helper call in knownHelpers only mode should throw', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{typeof hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ knownHelpersOnly: true })
+        .toThrow(Error);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('blockHelperMissing', () => {
+    it('lambdas are resolved by blockHelperMissing, not handlebars proper', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#truthy}}yep{{/truthy}}')
+        .withInput({
+          truthy() {
+            return true;
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('yep');
+    });
+
+    it('lambdas resolved by blockHelperMissing are bound to the context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#truthy}}yep{{/truthy}}')
+        .withInput({
+          truthy() {
+            return this.truthiness();
+          },
+          truthiness() {
+            return false;
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('name field', () => {
+    const helpers = {
+      blockHelperMissing(...args: any[]) {
+        return 'missing: ' + args[args.length - 1].name;
+      },
+      helperMissing(...args: any[]) {
+        return 'helper missing: ' + args[args.length - 1].name;
+      },
+      helper(...args: any[]) {
+        return 'ran: ' + args[args.length - 1].name;
+      },
+    };
+
+    it('should include in ambiguous mustache calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{helper}}').withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('ran: helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include in helper mustache calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{helper 1}}').withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('ran: helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include in ambiguous block calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper}}{{/helper}}').withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('ran: helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include in simple block calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#./helper}}{{/./helper}}')
+        .withHelpers(helpers)
+        .toCompileTo('missing: ./helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include in helper block calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#helper 1}}{{/helper}}').withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('ran: helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include in known helper calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{helper}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          knownHelpers: { helper: true },
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .withHelpers(helpers)
+        .toCompileTo('ran: helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include full id', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#foo.helper}}{{/foo.helper}}')
+        .withInput({ foo: {} })
+        .withHelpers(helpers)
+        .toCompileTo('missing: foo.helper');
+    });
+
+    it('should include full id if a hash is passed', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#foo.helper bar=baz}}{{/foo.helper}}')
+        .withInput({ foo: {} })
+        .withHelpers(helpers)
+        .toCompileTo('helper missing: foo.helper');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('name conflicts', () => {
+    it('helpers take precedence over same-named context properties', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{goodbye}} {{cruel world}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any) {
+          return this.goodbye.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withHelper('cruel', function (world) {
+          return 'cruel ' + world.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 'goodbye',
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel WORLD');
+    });
+
+    it('helpers take precedence over same-named context properties$', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye}} {{cruel world}}{{/goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return this.goodbye.toUpperCase() + options.fn(this);
+        })
+        .withHelper('cruel', function (world) {
+          return 'cruel ' + world.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 'goodbye',
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel WORLD');
+    });
+
+    it('Scoped names take precedence over helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{this.goodbye}} {{cruel world}} {{cruel this.goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any) {
+          return this.goodbye.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withHelper('cruel', function (world) {
+          return 'cruel ' + world.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 'goodbye',
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('goodbye cruel WORLD cruel GOODBYE');
+    });
+
+    it('Scoped names take precedence over block helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbye}} {{cruel world}}{{/goodbye}} {{this.goodbye}}')
+        .withHelper('goodbye', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return this.goodbye.toUpperCase() + options.fn(this);
+        })
+        .withHelper('cruel', function (world) {
+          return 'cruel ' + world.toUpperCase();
+        })
+        .withInput({
+          goodbye: 'goodbye',
+          world: 'world',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('GOODBYE cruel WORLD goodbye');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('block params', () => {
+    it('should take presedence over context values', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes as |value|}}{{value}}{{/goodbyes}}{{value}}')
+        .withInput({ value: 'foo' })
+        .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          expect(options.fn.blockParams).toEqual(1);
+          return options.fn({ value: 'bar' }, { blockParams: [1, 2] });
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('1foo');
+    });
+
+    it('should take presedence over helper values', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes as |value|}}{{value}}{{/goodbyes}}{{value}}')
+        .withHelper('value', function () {
+          return 'foo';
+        })
+        .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          expect(options.fn.blockParams).toEqual(1);
+          return options.fn({}, { blockParams: [1, 2] });
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('1foo');
+    });
+
+    it('should not take presedence over pathed values', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#goodbyes as |value|}}{{./value}}{{/goodbyes}}{{value}}')
+        .withInput({ value: 'bar' })
+        .withHelper('value', function () {
+          return 'foo';
+        })
+        .withHelper('goodbyes', function (this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          expect(options.fn.blockParams).toEqual(1);
+          return options.fn(this, { blockParams: [1, 2] });
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('barfoo');
+    });
+
+    it('should take presednece over parent block params', () => {
+      let value: number;
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#goodbyes as |value|}}{{#goodbyes}}{{value}}{{#goodbyes as |value|}}{{value}}{{/goodbyes}}{{/goodbyes}}{{/goodbyes}}{{value}}',
+        {
+          beforeEach() {
+            value = 1;
+          },
+        }
+      )
+        .withInput({ value: 'foo' })
+        .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.fn(
+            { value: 'bar' },
+            {
+              blockParams: options.fn.blockParams === 1 ? [value++, value++] : undefined,
+            }
+          );
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('13foo');
+    });
+
+    it('should allow block params on chained helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#if bar}}{{else goodbyes as |value|}}{{value}}{{/if}}{{value}}')
+        .withInput({ value: 'foo' })
+        .withHelper('goodbyes', function (options: HelperOptions) {
+          expect(options.fn.blockParams).toEqual(1);
+          return options.fn({ value: 'bar' }, { blockParams: [1, 2] });
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('1foo');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('built-in helpers malformed arguments ', () => {
+    it('if helper - too few arguments', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#if}}{{/if}}').toThrow(/#if requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('if helper - too many arguments, string', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#if test "string"}}{{/if}}').toThrow(/#if requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('if helper - too many arguments, undefined', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#if test undefined}}{{/if}}').toThrow(/#if requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('if helper - too many arguments, null', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#if test null}}{{/if}}').toThrow(/#if requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('unless helper - too few arguments', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#unless}}{{/unless}}').toThrow(/#unless requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('unless helper - too many arguments', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#unless test null}}{{/unless}}').toThrow(
+        /#unless requires exactly one argument/
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('with helper - too few arguments', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with}}{{/with}}').toThrow(/#with requires exactly one argument/);
+    });
+
+    it('with helper - too many arguments', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with test "string"}}{{/with}}').toThrow(
+        /#with requires exactly one argument/
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('the lookupProperty-option', () => {
+    it('should be passed to custom helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{testHelper}}')
+        .withHelper('testHelper', function testHelper(this: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.lookupProperty(this, 'testProperty');
+        })
+        .withInput({ testProperty: 'abc' })
+        .toCompileTo('abc');
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+function deleteAllKeys(obj: { [key: string]: any }) {
+  for (const key of Object.keys(obj)) {
+    delete obj[key];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.partials.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.partials.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65930d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.partials.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate, forEachCompileFunctionName } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('partials', () => {
+  it('basic partials', () => {
+    const string = 'Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> dude}}{{/dudes}}';
+    const partial = '{{name}} ({{url}}) ';
+    const hash = {
+      dudes: [
+        { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+        { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withPartials({ dude: partial })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withPartials({ dude: partial })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: false })
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+  });
+
+  it('dynamic partials', () => {
+    const string = 'Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> (partial)}}{{/dudes}}';
+    const partial = '{{name}} ({{url}}) ';
+    const hash = {
+      dudes: [
+        { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+        { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+      ],
+    };
+    const helpers = {
+      partial: () => 'dude',
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .withPartials({ dude: partial })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+
+    expectTemplate(string)
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .withPartials({ dude: partial })
+      .withRuntimeOptions({ data: false })
+      .withCompileOptions({ data: false })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+  });
+
+  it('failing dynamic partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> (partial)}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withHelper('partial', () => 'missing')
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{name}} ({{url}}) ')
+      .toThrow('The partial missing could not be found'); // TODO: Is there a way we can test that the error is of type `Handlebars.Exception`?
+  });
+
+  it('partials with context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{>dude dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{#this}}{{name}} ({{url}}) {{/this}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+  });
+
+  it('partials with no context', () => {
+    const partial = '{{name}} ({{url}}) ';
+    const hash = {
+      dudes: [
+        { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+        { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{>dude}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withPartial('dude', partial)
+      .withCompileOptions({ explicitPartialContext: true })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes:  ()  () ');
+
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{>dude name="foo"}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput(hash)
+      .withPartial('dude', partial)
+      .withCompileOptions({ explicitPartialContext: true })
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: foo () foo () ');
+  });
+
+  it('partials with string context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{>dude "dudes"}}')
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{.}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: dudes');
+  });
+
+  it('partials with undefined context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{>dude dudes}}')
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{foo}} Empty')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes:  Empty');
+  });
+
+  it('partials with duplicate parameters', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{>dude dudes foo bar=baz}}').toThrow(
+      'Unsupported number of partial arguments: 2 - 1:7'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('partials with parameters', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> dude others=..}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo: 'bar',
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{others.foo}}{{name}} ({{url}}) ')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: barYehuda (http://yehuda) barAlan (http://alan) ');
+  });
+
+  it('partial in a partial', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{>dude}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withPartials({
+        dude: '{{name}} {{> url}} ',
+        url: '<a href="{{url}}">{{url}}</a>',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(
+        'Dudes: Yehuda <a href="http://yehuda">http://yehuda</a> Alan <a href="http://alan">http://alan</a> '
+      );
+  });
+
+  it('rendering undefined partial throws an exception', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{> whatever}}').toThrow('The partial whatever could not be found');
+  });
+
+  it('registering undefined partial throws an exception', () => {
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+
+    expect(() => {
+      kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerPartial('undefined_test', undefined as any);
+    }).toThrow('Attempting to register a partial called "undefined_test" as undefined');
+
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+  });
+
+  it('rendering template partial in vm mode throws an exception', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{> whatever}}').toThrow('The partial whatever could not be found');
+  });
+
+  it('rendering function partial in vm mode', () => {
+    function partial(context: any) {
+      return context.name + ' (' + context.url + ') ';
+    }
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> dude}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withPartial('dude', partial)
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Yehuda (http://yehuda) Alan (http://alan) ');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-14: a partial preceding a selector', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{>dude}} {{anotherDude}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('dude', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers Creepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with slash paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> shared/dude}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('shared/dude', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with slash and point paths', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> shared/dude.thing}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('shared/dude.thing', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Global Partials', () => {
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+
+    kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerPartial('globalTest', '{{anotherDude}}');
+
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> shared/dude}} {{> globalTest}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('shared/dude', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers Creepers');
+
+    kbnHandlebarsEnv!.unregisterPartial('globalTest');
+    expect(kbnHandlebarsEnv!.partials.globalTest).toBeUndefined();
+
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+  });
+
+  it('Multiple partial registration', () => {
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = Handlebars.create();
+
+    kbnHandlebarsEnv!.registerPartial({
+      'shared/dude': '{{name}}',
+      globalTest: '{{anotherDude}}',
+    });
+
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> shared/dude}} {{> globalTest}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('notused', 'notused') // trick the test bench into running with partials enabled
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers Creepers');
+
+    global.kbnHandlebarsEnv = null;
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with integer path', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> 404}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial(404, '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with complex path', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> 404/asdf?.bar}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('404/asdf?.bar', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with escaped', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{> [+404/asdf?.bar]}}')
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('+404/asdf?.bar', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('Partials with string', () => {
+    expectTemplate("Dudes: {{> '+404/asdf?.bar'}}")
+      .withInput({ name: 'Jeepers', anotherDude: 'Creepers' })
+      .withPartial('+404/asdf?.bar', '{{name}}')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: Jeepers');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle empty partial', () => {
+    expectTemplate('Dudes: {{#dudes}}{{> dude}}{{/dudes}}')
+      .withInput({
+        dudes: [
+          { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+          { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+        ],
+      })
+      .withPartial('dude', '')
+      .toCompileTo('Dudes: ');
+  });
+
+  // Skipping test as this only makes sense when there's no `compile` function (i.e. runtime-only mode).
+  // We do not support that mode with `@kbn/handlebars`, so there's no need to test it
+  it.skip('throw on missing partial', () => {
+    const handlebars = Handlebars.create();
+    (handlebars.compile as any) = undefined;
+    const template = handlebars.precompile('{{> dude}}');
+    const render = handlebars.template(eval('(' + template + ')')); // eslint-disable-line no-eval
+    expect(() => {
+      render(
+        {},
+        {
+          partials: {
+            dude: 'fail',
+          },
+        }
+      );
+    }).toThrow(/The partial dude could not be compiled/);
+  });
+
+  describe('partial blocks', () => {
+    it('should render partial block as default', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}success{{/dude}}').toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should execute default block with proper context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude context}}{{value}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should propagate block parameters to default block', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with context as |me|}}{{#> dude}}{{me.value}}{{/dude}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should not use partial block if partial exists', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}fail{{/dude}}')
+        .withPartials({ dude: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render block from partial', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}success{{/dude}}')
+        .withPartials({ dude: '{{> @partial-block }}' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should be able to render the partial-block twice', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}success{{/dude}}')
+        .withPartials({ dude: '{{> @partial-block }} {{> @partial-block }}' })
+        .toCompileTo('success success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render block from partial with context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}{{value}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '{{#with context}}{{> @partial-block }}{{/with}}',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should be able to access the @data frame from a partial-block', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}in-block: {{@root/value}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '<code>before-block: {{@root/value}} {{>   @partial-block }}</code>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('<code>before-block: success in-block: success</code>');
+    });
+
+    it('should allow the #each-helper to be used along with partial-blocks', () => {
+      expectTemplate('<template>{{#> list value}}value = {{.}}{{/list}}</template>')
+        .withInput({
+          value: ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+        })
+        .withPartials({
+          list: '<list>{{#each .}}<item>{{> @partial-block}}</item>{{/each}}</list>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<template><list><item>value = a</item><item>value = b</item><item>value = c</item></list></template>'
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('should render block from partial with context (twice)', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}{{value}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '{{#with context}}{{> @partial-block }} {{> @partial-block }}{{/with}}',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render block from partial with context [2]', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}{{../context/value}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '{{#with context}}{{> @partial-block }}{{/with}}',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render block from partial with block params', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#with context as |me|}}{{#> dude}}{{me.value}}{{/dude}}{{/with}}')
+        .withInput({ context: { value: 'success' } })
+        .withPartials({ dude: '{{> @partial-block }}' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested partial blocks', () => {
+      expectTemplate('<template>{{#> outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}</template>')
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .withPartials({
+          outer:
+            '<outer>{{#> nested}}<outer-block>{{> @partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/nested}}</outer>',
+          nested: '<nested>{{> @partial-block}}</nested>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<template><outer><nested><outer-block>success</outer-block></nested></outer></template>'
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested partial blocks at different nesting levels', () => {
+      expectTemplate('<template>{{#> outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}</template>')
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .withPartials({
+          outer:
+            '<outer>{{#> nested}}<outer-block>{{> @partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/nested}}{{> @partial-block}}</outer>',
+          nested: '<nested>{{> @partial-block}}</nested>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<template><outer><nested><outer-block>success</outer-block></nested>success</outer></template>'
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested partial blocks at different nesting levels (twice)', () => {
+      expectTemplate('<template>{{#> outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}</template>')
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .withPartials({
+          outer:
+            '<outer>{{#> nested}}<outer-block>{{> @partial-block}} {{> @partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/nested}}{{> @partial-block}}+{{> @partial-block}}</outer>',
+          nested: '<nested>{{> @partial-block}}</nested>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<template><outer><nested><outer-block>success success</outer-block></nested>success+success</outer></template>'
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested partial blocks (twice at each level)', () => {
+      expectTemplate('<template>{{#> outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}</template>')
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .withPartials({
+          outer:
+            '<outer>{{#> nested}}<outer-block>{{> @partial-block}} {{> @partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/nested}}</outer>',
+          nested: '<nested>{{> @partial-block}}{{> @partial-block}}</nested>',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<template><outer>' +
+            '<nested><outer-block>success success</outer-block><outer-block>success success</outer-block></nested>' +
+            '</outer></template>'
+        );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('inline partials', () => {
+    it('should define inline partials for template', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> myPartial}}').toCompileTo(
+        'success'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should overwrite multiple partials in the same template', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#*inline "myPartial"}}fail{{/inline}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> myPartial}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should define inline partials for block', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#with .}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> myPartial}}{{/with}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('success');
+
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#with .}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{/with}}{{> myPartial}}'
+      ).toThrow(/myPartial could not/);
+    });
+
+    it('should override global partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> myPartial}}')
+        .withPartials({
+          myPartial: () => 'fail',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should override template partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#*inline "myPartial"}}fail{{/inline}}{{#with .}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> myPartial}}{{/with}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should override partials down the entire stack', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#with .}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{#with .}}{{#with .}}{{> myPartial}}{{/with}}{{/with}}{{/with}}'
+      ).toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should define inline partials for partial call', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{> dude}}')
+        .withPartials({ dude: '{{> myPartial }}' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should define inline partials in partial block call', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#> dude}}{{#*inline "myPartial"}}success{{/inline}}{{/dude}}')
+        .withPartials({ dude: '{{> myPartial }}' })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested inline partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#*inline "outer"}}{{#>inner}}<outer-block>{{>@partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/inner}}{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#*inline "inner"}}<inner>{{>@partial-block}}</inner>{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#>outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo('<inner><outer-block>success</outer-block></inner>');
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested inline partials with partial-blocks on different nesting levels', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#*inline "outer"}}{{#>inner}}<outer-block>{{>@partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/inner}}{{>@partial-block}}{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#*inline "inner"}}<inner>{{>@partial-block}}</inner>{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#>outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo('<inner><outer-block>success</outer-block></inner>success');
+    });
+
+    it('should render nested inline partials (twice at each level)', () => {
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{#*inline "outer"}}{{#>inner}}<outer-block>{{>@partial-block}} {{>@partial-block}}</outer-block>{{/inner}}{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#*inline "inner"}}<inner>{{>@partial-block}}{{>@partial-block}}</inner>{{/inline}}' +
+          '{{#>outer}}{{value}}{{/outer}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({ value: 'success' })
+        .toCompileTo(
+          '<inner><outer-block>success success</outer-block><outer-block>success success</outer-block></inner>'
+        );
+    });
+  });
+
+  forEachCompileFunctionName((compileName) => {
+    it(`should pass compiler flags for ${compileName} function`, () => {
+      const env = Handlebars.create();
+      env.registerPartial('partial', '{{foo}}');
+      const compile = env[compileName].bind(env);
+      const template = compile('{{foo}} {{> partial}}', { noEscape: true });
+      expect(template({ foo: '<' })).toEqual('< <');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('standalone partials', () => {
+    it('indented partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Dudes:\n{{#dudes}}\n  {{>dude}}\n{{/dudes}}')
+        .withInput({
+          dudes: [
+            { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+            { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+          ],
+        })
+        .withPartial('dude', '{{name}}\n')
+        .toCompileTo('Dudes:\n  Yehuda\n  Alan\n');
+    });
+
+    it('nested indented partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Dudes:\n{{#dudes}}\n  {{>dude}}\n{{/dudes}}')
+        .withInput({
+          dudes: [
+            { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+            { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+          ],
+        })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '{{name}}\n {{> url}}',
+          url: '{{url}}!\n',
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('Dudes:\n  Yehuda\n   http://yehuda!\n  Alan\n   http://alan!\n');
+    });
+
+    it('prevent nested indented partials', () => {
+      expectTemplate('Dudes:\n{{#dudes}}\n  {{>dude}}\n{{/dudes}}')
+        .withInput({
+          dudes: [
+            { name: 'Yehuda', url: 'http://yehuda' },
+            { name: 'Alan', url: 'http://alan' },
+          ],
+        })
+        .withPartials({
+          dude: '{{name}}\n {{> url}}',
+          url: '{{url}}!\n',
+        })
+        .withCompileOptions({ preventIndent: true })
+        .toCompileTo('Dudes:\n  Yehuda\n http://yehuda!\n  Alan\n http://alan!\n');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.regressions.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.regressions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc2065fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.regressions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, { type HelperOptions } from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate, forEachCompileFunctionName } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('Regressions', () => {
+  it('GH-94: Cannot read property of undefined', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#books}}{{title}}{{author.name}}{{/books}}')
+      .withInput({
+        books: [
+          {
+            title: 'The origin of species',
+            author: {
+              name: 'Charles Darwin',
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            title: 'Lazarillo de Tormes',
+          },
+        ],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('The origin of speciesCharles DarwinLazarillo de Tormes');
+  });
+
+  it("GH-150: Inverted sections print when they shouldn't", () => {
+    const string = '{{^set}}not set{{/set}} :: {{#set}}set{{/set}}';
+    expectTemplate(string).toCompileTo('not set :: ');
+    expectTemplate(string).withInput({ set: undefined }).toCompileTo('not set :: ');
+    expectTemplate(string).withInput({ set: false }).toCompileTo('not set :: ');
+    expectTemplate(string).withInput({ set: true }).toCompileTo(' :: set');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-158: Using array index twice, breaks the template', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{arr.[0]}}, {{arr.[1]}}')
+      .withInput({ arr: [1, 2] })
+      .toCompileTo('1, 2');
+  });
+
+  it("bug reported by @fat where lambdas weren't being properly resolved", () => {
+    const string =
+      '<strong>This is a slightly more complicated {{thing}}.</strong>.\n' +
+      '{{! Just ignore this business. }}\n' +
+      'Check this out:\n' +
+      '{{#hasThings}}\n' +
+      '<ul>\n' +
+      '{{#things}}\n' +
+      '<li class={{className}}>{{word}}</li>\n' +
+      '{{/things}}</ul>.\n' +
+      '{{/hasThings}}\n' +
+      '{{^hasThings}}\n' +
+      '\n' +
+      '<small>Nothing to check out...</small>\n' +
+      '{{/hasThings}}';
+
+    const data = {
+      thing() {
+        return 'blah';
+      },
+      things: [
+        { className: 'one', word: '@fat' },
+        { className: 'two', word: '@dhg' },
+        { className: 'three', word: '@sayrer' },
+      ],
+      hasThings() {
+        return true;
+      },
+    };
+
+    const output =
+      '<strong>This is a slightly more complicated blah.</strong>.\n' +
+      'Check this out:\n' +
+      '<ul>\n' +
+      '<li class=one>@fat</li>\n' +
+      '<li class=two>@dhg</li>\n' +
+      '<li class=three>@sayrer</li>\n' +
+      '</ul>.\n';
+
+    expectTemplate(string).withInput(data).toCompileTo(output);
+  });
+
+  it('GH-408: Multiple loops fail', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#.}}{{name}}{{/.}}{{#.}}{{name}}{{/.}}{{#.}}{{name}}{{/.}}')
+      .withInput([
+        { name: 'John Doe', location: { city: 'Chicago' } },
+        { name: 'Jane Doe', location: { city: 'New York' } },
+      ])
+      .toCompileTo('John DoeJane DoeJohn DoeJane DoeJohn DoeJane Doe');
+  });
+
+  it('GS-428: Nested if else rendering', () => {
+    const succeedingTemplate =
+      '{{#inverse}} {{#blk}} Unexpected {{/blk}} {{else}}  {{#blk}} Expected {{/blk}} {{/inverse}}';
+    const failingTemplate =
+      '{{#inverse}} {{#blk}} Unexpected {{/blk}} {{else}} {{#blk}} Expected {{/blk}} {{/inverse}}';
+
+    const helpers = {
+      blk(block: HelperOptions) {
+        return block.fn('');
+      },
+      inverse(block: HelperOptions) {
+        return block.inverse('');
+      },
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate(succeedingTemplate).withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('   Expected  ');
+    expectTemplate(failingTemplate).withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('  Expected  ');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-458: Scoped this identifier', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{./foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-375: Unicode line terminators', () => {
+    expectTemplate('\u2028').toCompileTo('\u2028');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-534: Object prototype aliases', () => {
+    /* eslint-disable no-extend-native */
+    // @ts-expect-error
+    Object.prototype[0xd834] = true;
+
+    expectTemplate('{{foo}}').withInput({ foo: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('bar');
+
+    // @ts-expect-error
+    delete Object.prototype[0xd834];
+    /* eslint-enable no-extend-native */
+  });
+
+  it('GH-437: Matching escaping', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{{a}}').toThrow(/Parse error on/);
+    expectTemplate('{{a}}}').toThrow(/Parse error on/);
+  });
+
+  it('GH-676: Using array in escaping mustache fails', () => {
+    const data = { arr: [1, 2] };
+    expectTemplate('{{arr}}').withInput(data).toCompileTo(data.arr.toString());
+  });
+
+  it('Mustache man page', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      'Hello {{name}}. You have just won ${{value}}!{{#in_ca}} Well, ${{taxed_value}}, after taxes.{{/in_ca}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({
+        name: 'Chris',
+        value: 10000,
+        taxed_value: 10000 - 10000 * 0.4,
+        in_ca: true,
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Hello Chris. You have just won $10000! Well, $6000, after taxes.');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-731: zero context rendering', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#foo}} This is {{bar}} ~ {{/foo}}')
+      .withInput({
+        foo: 0,
+        bar: 'OK',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' This is  ~ ');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-820: zero pathed rendering', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo.bar}}').withInput({ foo: 0 }).toCompileTo('');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-837: undefined values for helpers', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{str bar.baz}}')
+      .withHelpers({
+        str(value) {
+          return value + '';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('undefined');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-926: Depths and de-dupe', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#if dater}}{{#each data}}{{../name}}{{/each}}{{else}}{{#each notData}}{{../name}}{{/each}}{{/if}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({
+        name: 'foo',
+        data: [1],
+        notData: [1],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('foo');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1021: Each empty string key', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#each data}}Key: {{@key}}\n{{/each}}')
+      .withInput({
+        data: {
+          '': 'foo',
+          name: 'Chris',
+          value: 10000,
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Key: \nKey: name\nKey: value\n');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1054: Should handle simple safe string responses', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#wrap}}{{>partial}}{{/wrap}}')
+      .withHelpers({
+        wrap(options: HelperOptions) {
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString(options.fn());
+        },
+      })
+      .withPartials({
+        partial: '{{#wrap}}<partial>{{/wrap}}',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<partial>');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1065: Sparse arrays', () => {
+    const array = [];
+    array[1] = 'foo';
+    array[3] = 'bar';
+    expectTemplate('{{#each array}}{{@index}}{{.}}{{/each}}')
+      .withInput({ array })
+      .toCompileTo('1foo3bar');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1093: Undefined helper context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#each obj}}{{{helper}}}{{.}}{{/each}}')
+      .withInput({ obj: { foo: undefined, bar: 'bat' } })
+      .withHelpers({
+        helper(this: any) {
+          // It's valid to execute a block against an undefined context, but
+          // helpers can not do so, so we expect to have an empty object here;
+          for (const name in this) {
+            if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this, name)) {
+              return 'found';
+            }
+          }
+          // And to make IE happy, check for the known string as length is not enumerated.
+          return this === 'bat' ? 'found' : 'not';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('notfoundbat');
+  });
+
+  it('should support multiple levels of inline partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#> layout}}{{#*inline "subcontent"}}subcontent{{/inline}}{{/layout}}')
+      .withPartials({
+        doctype: 'doctype{{> content}}',
+        layout: '{{#> doctype}}{{#*inline "content"}}layout{{> subcontent}}{{/inline}}{{/doctype}}',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('doctypelayoutsubcontent');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1089: should support failover content in multiple levels of inline partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#> layout}}{{/layout}}')
+      .withPartials({
+        doctype: 'doctype{{> content}}',
+        layout:
+          '{{#> doctype}}{{#*inline "content"}}layout{{#> subcontent}}subcontent{{/subcontent}}{{/inline}}{{/doctype}}',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('doctypelayoutsubcontent');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1099: should support greater than 3 nested levels of inline partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#> layout}}Outer{{/layout}}')
+      .withPartials({
+        layout: '{{#> inner}}Inner{{/inner}}{{> @partial-block }}',
+        inner: '',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('Outer');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1135 : Context handling within each iteration', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#each array}}\n' +
+        ' 1. IF: {{#if true}}{{../name}}-{{../../name}}-{{../../../name}}{{/if}}\n' +
+        ' 2. MYIF: {{#myif true}}{{../name}}={{../../name}}={{../../../name}}{{/myif}}\n' +
+        '{{/each}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({ array: [1], name: 'John' })
+      .withHelpers({
+        myif(conditional, options: HelperOptions) {
+          if (conditional) {
+            return options.fn(this);
+          } else {
+            return options.inverse(this);
+          }
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo(' 1. IF: John--\n' + ' 2. MYIF: John==\n');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1186: Support block params for existing programs', () => {
+    expectTemplate(
+      '{{#*inline "test"}}{{> @partial-block }}{{/inline}}' +
+        '{{#>test }}{{#each listOne as |item|}}{{ item }}{{/each}}{{/test}}' +
+        '{{#>test }}{{#each listTwo as |item|}}{{ item }}{{/each}}{{/test}}'
+    )
+      .withInput({
+        listOne: ['a'],
+        listTwo: ['b'],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('ab');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1319: "unless" breaks when "each" value equals "null"', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{#each list}}{{#unless ./prop}}parent={{../value}} {{/unless}}{{/each}}')
+      .withInput({
+        value: 'parent',
+        list: [null, 'a'],
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('parent=parent parent=parent ');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-1341: 4.0.7 release breaks {{#if @partial-block}} usage', () => {
+    expectTemplate('template {{>partial}} template')
+      .withPartials({
+        partialWithBlock: '{{#if @partial-block}} block {{> @partial-block}} block {{/if}}',
+        partial: '{{#> partialWithBlock}} partial {{/partialWithBlock}}',
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('template  block  partial  block  template');
+  });
+
+  it('should allow hash with protected array names', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{helpa length="foo"}}')
+      .withInput({ array: [1], name: 'John' })
+      .withHelpers({
+        helpa(options: HelperOptions) {
+          return options.hash.length;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('foo');
+  });
+
+  describe('GH-1598: Performance degradation for partials since v4.3.0', () => {
+    let newHandlebarsInstance: typeof Handlebars;
+    let spy: jest.SpyInstance;
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      newHandlebarsInstance = Handlebars.create();
+    });
+    afterEach(() => {
+      spy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    forEachCompileFunctionName((compileName) => {
+      it(`should only compile global partials once when calling #${compileName}`, () => {
+        const compile = newHandlebarsInstance[compileName].bind(newHandlebarsInstance);
+        let calls;
+        switch (compileName) {
+          case 'compile':
+            spy = jest.spyOn(newHandlebarsInstance, 'template');
+            calls = 3;
+            break;
+          case 'compileAST':
+            spy = jest.spyOn(newHandlebarsInstance, 'compileAST');
+            calls = 2;
+            break;
+        }
+        newHandlebarsInstance.registerPartial({
+          dude: 'I am a partial',
+        });
+        const string = 'Dudes: {{> dude}} {{> dude}}';
+        compile(string)(); // This should compile template + partial once
+        compile(string)(); // This should only compile template
+        expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(calls);
+        spy.mockRestore();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("GH-1639: TypeError: Cannot read property 'apply' of undefined\" when handlebars version > 4.6.0 (undocumented, deprecated usage)", () => {
+    it('should treat undefined helpers like non-existing helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{foo}}')
+        .withHelper('foo', undefined as any)
+        .withInput({ foo: 'bar' })
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.security.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.security.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..878a0931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.security.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('security issues', () => {
+  describe('GH-1495: Prevent Remote Code Execution via constructor', () => {
+    it('should not allow constructors to be accessed', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{lookup (lookup this "constructor") "name"}}').withInput({}).toCompileTo('');
+      expectTemplate('{{constructor.name}}').withInput({}).toCompileTo('');
+    });
+
+    it('GH-1603: should not allow constructors to be accessed (lookup via toString)', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{lookup (lookup this (list "constructor")) "name"}}')
+        .withInput({})
+        .withHelper('list', function (element) {
+          return [element];
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+    });
+
+    it('should allow the "constructor" property to be accessed if it is an "ownProperty"', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{constructor.name}}')
+        .withInput({ constructor: { name: 'here we go' } })
+        .toCompileTo('here we go');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{lookup (lookup this "constructor") "name"}}')
+        .withInput({ constructor: { name: 'here we go' } })
+        .toCompileTo('here we go');
+    });
+
+    it('should allow the "constructor" property to be accessed if it is an "own property"', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{lookup (lookup this "constructor") "name"}}')
+        .withInput({ constructor: { name: 'here we go' } })
+        .toCompileTo('here we go');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('GH-1558: Prevent explicit call of helperMissing-helpers', () => {
+    describe('without the option "allowExplicitCallOfHelperMissing"', () => {
+      it('should throw an exception when calling  "{{helperMissing}}" ', () => {
+        expectTemplate('{{helperMissing}}').toThrow(Error);
+      });
+
+      it('should throw an exception when calling  "{{#helperMissing}}{{/helperMissing}}" ', () => {
+        expectTemplate('{{#helperMissing}}{{/helperMissing}}').toThrow(Error);
+      });
+
+      it('should throw an exception when calling  "{{blockHelperMissing "abc" .}}" ', () => {
+        const functionCalls = [];
+        expect(() => {
+          const template = Handlebars.compile('{{blockHelperMissing "abc" .}}');
+          template({
+            fn() {
+              functionCalls.push('called');
+            },
+          });
+        }).toThrow(Error);
+        expect(functionCalls.length).toEqual(0);
+      });
+
+      it('should throw an exception when calling  "{{#blockHelperMissing .}}{{/blockHelperMissing}}"', () => {
+        expectTemplate('{{#blockHelperMissing .}}{{/blockHelperMissing}}')
+          .withInput({
+            fn() {
+              return 'functionInData';
+            },
+          })
+          .toThrow(Error);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('GH-1563', () => {
+    it('should not allow to access constructor after overriding via __defineGetter__', () => {
+      // @ts-expect-error
+      if ({}.__defineGetter__ == null || {}.__lookupGetter__ == null) {
+        return; // Browser does not support this exploit anyway
+      }
+      expectTemplate(
+        '{{__defineGetter__ "undefined" valueOf }}' +
+          '{{#with __lookupGetter__ }}' +
+          '{{__defineGetter__ "propertyIsEnumerable" (this.bind (this.bind 1)) }}' +
+          '{{constructor.name}}' +
+          '{{/with}}'
+      )
+        .withInput({})
+        .toThrow(/Missing helper: "__defineGetter__"/);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('GH-1595: dangerous properties', () => {
+    const templates = [
+      '{{constructor}}',
+      '{{__defineGetter__}}',
+      '{{__defineSetter__}}',
+      '{{__lookupGetter__}}',
+      '{{__proto__}}',
+      '{{lookup this "constructor"}}',
+      '{{lookup this "__defineGetter__"}}',
+      '{{lookup this "__defineSetter__"}}',
+      '{{lookup this "__lookupGetter__"}}',
+      '{{lookup this "__proto__"}}',
+    ];
+
+    templates.forEach((template) => {
+      describe('access should be denied to ' + template, () => {
+        it('by default', () => {
+          expectTemplate(template).withInput({}).toCompileTo('');
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('escapes template variables', () => {
+    it('in default mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate("{{'a\\b'}}").withCompileOptions().withInput({ 'a\\b': 'c' }).toCompileTo('c');
+    });
+
+    it('in strict mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate("{{'a\\b'}}")
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ 'a\\b': 'c' })
+        .toCompileTo('c');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.strict.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.strict.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8f294b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.strict.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('strict', () => {
+  describe('strict mode', () => {
+    it('should error on missing property lookup', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing child', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ hello: { bar: 'foo' } })
+        .toCompileTo('foo');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ hello: {} })
+        .toThrow(/"bar" not defined in/);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle explicit undefined', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ hello: { bar: undefined } })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing property lookup in known helpers mode', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          strict: true,
+          knownHelpersOnly: true,
+        })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}').withCompileOptions({ strict: true }).toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing data lookup', () => {
+      const xt = expectTemplate('{{@hello}}').withCompileOptions({
+        strict: true,
+      });
+
+      xt.toThrow(Error);
+
+      xt.withRuntimeOptions({ data: { hello: 'foo' } }).toCompileTo('foo');
+    });
+
+    it('should not run helperMissing for helper calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ foo: true })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#hello foo}}{{/hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ foo: true })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw on ambiguous blocks', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#hello}}{{/hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+
+      expectTemplate('{{^hello}}{{/hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .toThrow(/"hello" not defined in/);
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#hello.bar}}{{/hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .withInput({ hello: {} })
+        .toThrow(/"bar" not defined in/);
+    });
+
+    it('should allow undefined parameters when passed to helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{#unless foo}}success{{/unless}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should allow undefined hash when passed to helpers', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{helper value=@foo}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({
+          strict: true,
+        })
+        .withHelpers({
+          helper(options) {
+            expect('value' in options.hash).toEqual(true);
+            expect(options.hash.value).toBeUndefined();
+            return 'success';
+          },
+        })
+        .toCompileTo('success');
+    });
+
+    it('should show error location on missing property lookup', () => {
+      expectTemplate('\n\n\n   {{hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+        .toThrow('"hello" not defined in [object Object] - 4:5');
+    });
+
+    it('should error contains correct location properties on missing property lookup', () => {
+      try {
+        expectTemplate('\n\n\n   {{hello}}')
+          .withCompileOptions({ strict: true })
+          .toCompileTo('throw before asserting this');
+      } catch (error) {
+        expect(error.lineNumber).toEqual(4);
+        expect(error.endLineNumber).toEqual(4);
+        expect(error.column).toEqual(5);
+        expect(error.endColumn).toEqual(10);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('assume objects', () => {
+    it('should ignore missing property', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}').withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true }).toCompileTo('');
+    });
+
+    it('should ignore missing child', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true })
+        .withInput({ hello: {} })
+        .toCompileTo('');
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing object', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello.bar}}').withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true }).toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing context', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true })
+        .withInput(undefined)
+        .toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('should error on missing data lookup', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{@hello.bar}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true })
+        .withInput(undefined)
+        .toThrow(Error);
+    });
+
+    it('should execute blockHelperMissing', () => {
+      expectTemplate('{{^hello}}foo{{/hello}}')
+        .withCompileOptions({ assumeObjects: true })
+        .toCompileTo('foo');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.subexpressions.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.subexpressions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dee24b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.subexpressions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars, { type HelperOptions } from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('subexpressions', () => {
+  it('arg-less helper', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo (bar)}}!')
+      .withHelpers({
+        foo(val) {
+          return val + val;
+        },
+        bar() {
+          return 'LOL';
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('LOLLOL!');
+  });
+
+  it('helper w args', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{blog (equal a b)}}')
+      .withInput({ bar: 'LOL' })
+      .withHelpers({
+        blog(val) {
+          return 'val is ' + val;
+        },
+        equal(x, y) {
+          return x === y;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val is true');
+  });
+
+  it('mixed paths and helpers', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{blog baz.bat (equal a b) baz.bar}}')
+      .withInput({ bar: 'LOL', baz: { bat: 'foo!', bar: 'bar!' } })
+      .withHelpers({
+        blog(val, that, theOther) {
+          return 'val is ' + val + ', ' + that + ' and ' + theOther;
+        },
+        equal(x, y) {
+          return x === y;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val is foo!, true and bar!');
+  });
+
+  it('supports much nesting', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{blog (equal (equal true true) true)}}')
+      .withInput({ bar: 'LOL' })
+      .withHelpers({
+        blog(val) {
+          return 'val is ' + val;
+        },
+        equal(x, y) {
+          return x === y;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val is true');
+  });
+
+  it('GH-800 : Complex subexpressions', () => {
+    const context = { a: 'a', b: 'b', c: { c: 'c' }, d: 'd', e: { e: 'e' } };
+    const helpers = {
+      dash(a: any, b: any) {
+        return a + '-' + b;
+      },
+      concat(a: any, b: any) {
+        return a + b;
+      },
+    };
+
+    expectTemplate("{{dash 'abc' (concat a b)}}")
+      .withInput(context)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('abc-ab');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{dash d (concat a b)}}')
+      .withInput(context)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('d-ab');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{dash c.c (concat a b)}}')
+      .withInput(context)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('c-ab');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{dash (concat a b) c.c}}')
+      .withInput(context)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('ab-c');
+
+    expectTemplate('{{dash (concat a e.e) c.c}}')
+      .withInput(context)
+      .withHelpers(helpers)
+      .toCompileTo('ae-c');
+  });
+
+  it('provides each nested helper invocation its own options hash', () => {
+    let lastOptions: HelperOptions;
+    const helpers = {
+      equal(x: any, y: any, options: HelperOptions) {
+        if (!options || options === lastOptions) {
+          throw new Error('options hash was reused');
+        }
+        lastOptions = options;
+        return x === y;
+      },
+    };
+    expectTemplate('{{equal (equal true true) true}}').withHelpers(helpers).toCompileTo('true');
+  });
+
+  it('with hashes', () => {
+    expectTemplate("{{blog (equal (equal true true) true fun='yes')}}")
+      .withInput({ bar: 'LOL' })
+      .withHelpers({
+        blog(val) {
+          return 'val is ' + val;
+        },
+        equal(x, y) {
+          return x === y;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val is true');
+  });
+
+  it('as hashes', () => {
+    expectTemplate("{{blog fun=(equal (blog fun=1) 'val is 1')}}")
+      .withHelpers({
+        blog(options) {
+          return 'val is ' + options.hash.fun;
+        },
+        equal(x, y) {
+          return x === y;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('val is true');
+  });
+
+  it('multiple subexpressions in a hash', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{input aria-label=(t "Name") placeholder=(t "Example User")}}')
+      .withHelpers({
+        input(options) {
+          const hash = options.hash;
+          const ariaLabel = Handlebars.Utils.escapeExpression(hash['aria-label']);
+          const placeholder = Handlebars.Utils.escapeExpression(hash.placeholder);
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString(
+            '<input aria-label="' + ariaLabel + '" placeholder="' + placeholder + '" />'
+          );
+        },
+        t(defaultString) {
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString(defaultString);
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<input aria-label="Name" placeholder="Example User" />');
+  });
+
+  it('multiple subexpressions in a hash with context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{input aria-label=(t item.field) placeholder=(t item.placeholder)}}')
+      .withInput({
+        item: {
+          field: 'Name',
+          placeholder: 'Example User',
+        },
+      })
+      .withHelpers({
+        input(options) {
+          const hash = options.hash;
+          const ariaLabel = Handlebars.Utils.escapeExpression(hash['aria-label']);
+          const placeholder = Handlebars.Utils.escapeExpression(hash.placeholder);
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString(
+            '<input aria-label="' + ariaLabel + '" placeholder="' + placeholder + '" />'
+          );
+        },
+        t(defaultString) {
+          return new Handlebars.SafeString(defaultString);
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('<input aria-label="Name" placeholder="Example User" />');
+  });
+
+  it('subexpression functions on the context', () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo (bar)}}!')
+      .withInput({
+        bar() {
+          return 'LOL';
+        },
+      })
+      .withHelpers({
+        foo(val) {
+          return val + val;
+        },
+      })
+      .toCompileTo('LOLLOL!');
+  });
+
+  it("subexpressions can't just be property lookups", () => {
+    expectTemplate('{{foo (bar)}}!')
+      .withInput({
+        bar: 'LOL',
+      })
+      .withHelpers({
+        foo(val) {
+          return val + val;
+        },
+      })
+      .toThrow();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.utils.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6350bc7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from '../..';
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('utils', function () {
+  describe('#SafeString', function () {
+    it('constructing a safestring from a string and checking its type', function () {
+      const safe = new Handlebars.SafeString('testing 1, 2, 3');
+      expect(safe).toBeInstanceOf(Handlebars.SafeString);
+      expect(safe.toString()).toEqual('testing 1, 2, 3');
+    });
+
+    it('it should not escape SafeString properties', function () {
+      const name = new Handlebars.SafeString('<em>Sean O&#x27;Malley</em>');
+      expectTemplate('{{name}}').withInput({ name }).toCompileTo('<em>Sean O&#x27;Malley</em>');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.whitespace_control.test.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.whitespace_control.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f7cf019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/spec/index.whitespace_control.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * This file is forked from the handlebars project (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js),
+ * and may include modifications made by Elasticsearch B.V.
+ * Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import { expectTemplate } from '../__jest__/test_bench';
+
+describe('whitespace control', () => {
+  it('should strip whitespace around mustache calls', () => {
+    const hash = { foo: 'bar<' };
+    expectTemplate(' {{~foo~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar&lt;');
+    expectTemplate(' {{~foo}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar&lt; ');
+    expectTemplate(' {{foo~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo(' bar&lt;');
+    expectTemplate(' {{~&foo~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar<');
+    expectTemplate(' {{~{foo}~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar<');
+    expectTemplate('1\n{{foo~}} \n\n 23\n{{bar}}4').toCompileTo('1\n23\n4');
+  });
+
+  describe('blocks', () => {
+    it('should strip whitespace around simple block calls', () => {
+      const hash = { foo: 'bar<' };
+
+      expectTemplate(' {{~#if foo~}} bar {{~/if~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar');
+      expectTemplate(' {{#if foo~}} bar {{/if~}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo(' bar ');
+      expectTemplate(' {{~#if foo}} bar {{~/if}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo(' bar ');
+      expectTemplate(' {{#if foo}} bar {{/if}} ').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('  bar  ');
+
+      expectTemplate(' \n\n{{~#if foo~}} \n\nbar \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\n ')
+        .withInput(hash)
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+
+      expectTemplate(' a\n\n{{~#if foo~}} \n\nbar \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\na ')
+        .withInput(hash)
+        .toCompileTo(' abara ');
+    });
+
+    it('should strip whitespace around inverse block calls', () => {
+      expectTemplate(' {{~^if foo~}} bar {{~/if~}} ').toCompileTo('bar');
+      expectTemplate(' {{^if foo~}} bar {{/if~}} ').toCompileTo(' bar ');
+      expectTemplate(' {{~^if foo}} bar {{~/if}} ').toCompileTo(' bar ');
+      expectTemplate(' {{^if foo}} bar {{/if}} ').toCompileTo('  bar  ');
+      expectTemplate(' \n\n{{~^if foo~}} \n\nbar \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\n ').toCompileTo('bar');
+    });
+
+    it('should strip whitespace around complex block calls', () => {
+      const hash = { foo: 'bar<' };
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~^~}} baz {{~/if}}').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{^~}} baz {{/if}}').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar ');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo}} bar {{~^~}} baz {{~/if}}').withInput(hash).toCompileTo(' bar');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo}} bar {{^~}} baz {{/if}}').withInput(hash).toCompileTo(' bar ');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~else~}} baz {{~/if}}').withInput(hash).toCompileTo('bar');
+
+      expectTemplate('\n\n{{~#if foo~}} \n\nbar \n\n{{~^~}} \n\nbaz \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\n')
+        .withInput(hash)
+        .toCompileTo('bar');
+
+      expectTemplate('\n\n{{~#if foo~}} \n\n{{{foo}}} \n\n{{~^~}} \n\nbaz \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\n')
+        .withInput(hash)
+        .toCompileTo('bar<');
+
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~^~}} baz {{~/if}}').toCompileTo('baz');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo}} bar {{~^~}} baz {{/if}}').toCompileTo('baz ');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~^}} baz {{~/if}}').toCompileTo(' baz');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~^}} baz {{/if}}').toCompileTo(' baz ');
+      expectTemplate('{{#if foo~}} bar {{~else~}} baz {{~/if}}').toCompileTo('baz');
+      expectTemplate('\n\n{{~#if foo~}} \n\nbar \n\n{{~^~}} \n\nbaz \n\n{{~/if~}}\n\n').toCompileTo(
+        'baz'
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should strip whitespace around partials', () => {
+    expectTemplate('foo {{~> dude~}} ').withPartials({ dude: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('foobar');
+    expectTemplate('foo {{> dude~}} ').withPartials({ dude: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('foo bar');
+    expectTemplate('foo {{> dude}} ').withPartials({ dude: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('foo bar ');
+    expectTemplate('foo\n {{~> dude}} ').withPartials({ dude: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('foobar');
+    expectTemplate('foo\n {{> dude}} ').withPartials({ dude: 'bar' }).toCompileTo('foo\n bar');
+  });
+
+  it('should only strip whitespace once', () => {
+    expectTemplate(' {{~foo~}} {{foo}} {{foo}} ')
+      .withInput({ foo: 'bar' })
+      .toCompileTo('barbar bar ');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/symbols.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/symbols.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85a8f2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/symbols.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+export const kHelper = Symbol('helper');
+export const kAmbiguous = Symbol('ambiguous');
+export const kSimple = Symbol('simple');
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/types.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..583170cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import { kHelper, kAmbiguous, kSimple } from './symbols';
+
+// Unexported `CompileOptions` lifted from node_modules/handlebars/types/index.d.ts
+// While it could also be extracted using `NonNullable<Parameters<typeof Handlebars.compile>[1]>`, this isn't possible since we declare the handlebars module below
+interface HandlebarsCompileOptions {
+  data?: boolean;
+  compat?: boolean;
+  knownHelpers?: KnownHelpers;
+  knownHelpersOnly?: boolean;
+  noEscape?: boolean;
+  strict?: boolean;
+  assumeObjects?: boolean;
+  preventIndent?: boolean;
+  ignoreStandalone?: boolean;
+  explicitPartialContext?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A custom version of the Handlebars module with an extra `compileAST` function and fixed typings.
+ */
+declare module 'handlebars' {
+  /**
+   * Compiles the given Handlebars template without the use of `eval`.
+   *
+   * @returns A render function with the same API as the return value from the regular Handlebars `compile` function.
+   */
+  export function compileAST(
+    input: string | hbs.AST.Program,
+    options?: CompileOptions
+  ): TemplateDelegateFixed;
+
+  // --------------------------------------------------------
+  // Override/Extend inherited funcions and interfaces below that are incorrect.
+  //
+  // Any exported `const` or `type` types can't be overwritten, so we'll just
+  // have to live with those and cast them to the correct types in our code.
+  // Some of these fixed types, we'll instead export outside the scope of this
+  // 'handlebars' module so consumers of @kbn/handlebars at least have a way to
+  // access the correct types.
+  // --------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * A {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/helpers.html helper-function} type.
+   *
+   * When registering a helper function, it should be of this type.
+   */
+  export interface HelperDelegate extends HelperDelegateFixed {} // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-interface
+
+  /**
+   * A template-function type.
+   *
+   * This type is primarily used for the return value of by calls to
+   * {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/compilation.html#handlebars-compile-template-options Handlebars.compile},
+   * Handlebars.compileAST and {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/compilation.html#handlebars-precompile-template-options Handlebars.template}.
+   */
+  export interface TemplateDelegate<T = any> extends TemplateDelegateFixed<T> {} // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-interface
+
+  /**
+   * Register one or more {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/runtime.html#handlebars-registerpartial-name-partial partials}.
+   *
+   * @param spec A key/value object where each key is the name of a partial (a string) and each value is the partial (either a string or a partial function).
+   */
+  export function registerPartial(spec: Record<string, TemplateFixed>): void; // Ensure `spec` object values can be strings
+}
+
+/**
+ * Supported Handlebars compile options.
+ *
+ * This is a subset of all the compile options supported by the upstream
+ * Handlebars module.
+ */
+export type CompileOptions = Pick<
+  HandlebarsCompileOptions,
+  | 'data'
+  | 'knownHelpers'
+  | 'knownHelpersOnly'
+  | 'noEscape'
+  | 'strict'
+  | 'assumeObjects'
+  | 'preventIndent'
+  | 'explicitPartialContext'
+>;
+
+/**
+ * Supported Handlebars runtime options
+ *
+ * This is a subset of all the runtime options supported by the upstream
+ * Handlebars module.
+ */
+export interface RuntimeOptions extends Pick<Handlebars.RuntimeOptions, 'data' | 'blockParams'> {
+  // The upstream `helpers` property is too loose and allows all functions.
+  helpers?: HelpersHash;
+  // The upstream `partials` property is incorrectly typed and doesn't allow
+  // partials to be strings.
+  partials?: PartialsHash;
+  // The upstream `decorators` property is too loose and allows all functions.
+  decorators?: DecoratorsHash;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The last argument being passed to a helper function is a an {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/helpers.html#the-options-parameter options object}.
+ */
+export interface HelperOptions extends Omit<Handlebars.HelperOptions, 'fn' | 'inverse'> {
+  name: string;
+  fn: TemplateDelegateFixed;
+  inverse: TemplateDelegateFixed;
+  loc: { start: hbs.AST.SourceLocation['start']; end: hbs.AST.SourceLocation['end'] };
+  lookupProperty: LookupProperty;
+}
+
+// Use the post-fix `Fixed` to allow us to acces it inside the 'handlebars' module declared above
+/**
+ * A {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/helpers.html helper-function} type.
+ *
+ * When registering a helper function, it should be of this type.
+ */
+interface HelperDelegateFixed {
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/prefer-function-type
+  (...params: any[]): any;
+}
+export type { HelperDelegateFixed as HelperDelegate };
+
+// Use the post-fix `Fixed` to allow us to acces it inside the 'handlebars' module declared above
+/**
+ * A template-function type.
+ *
+ * This type is primarily used for the return value of by calls to
+ * {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/compilation.html#handlebars-compile-template-options Handlebars.compile},
+ * Handlebars.compileAST and {@link https://handlebarsjs.com/api-reference/compilation.html#handlebars-precompile-template-options Handlebars.template}.
+ */
+interface TemplateDelegateFixed<T = any> {
+  (context?: T, options?: RuntimeOptions): string; // Override to ensure `context` is optional
+  blockParams?: number; // TODO: Can this really be optional?
+  partials?: PartialsHash;
+}
+export type { TemplateDelegateFixed as TemplateDelegate };
+
+// According to the decorator docs
+// (https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/blob/4.x/docs/decorators-api.md)
+// a decorator will be called with a different set of arugments than what's
+// actually happening in the upstream code. So here I assume that the docs are
+// wrong and that the upstream code is correct. In reality, `context` is the
+// last 4 documented arguments rolled into one object.
+/**
+ * A {@link https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/blob/master/docs/decorators-api.md decorator-function} type.
+ *
+ * When registering a decorator function, it should be of this type.
+ */
+export type DecoratorDelegate = (
+  prog: TemplateDelegateFixed,
+  props: Record<string, any>,
+  container: Container,
+  options: any
+) => any;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// INTERNAL TYPES
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type NodeType = typeof kHelper | typeof kAmbiguous | typeof kSimple;
+
+type LookupProperty = <T = any>(parent: Record<string, any>, propertyName: string) => T;
+
+export type NonBlockHelperOptions = Omit<HelperOptions, 'fn' | 'inverse'>;
+export type AmbiguousHelperOptions = HelperOptions | NonBlockHelperOptions;
+
+export type ProcessableStatementNode =
+  | hbs.AST.MustacheStatement
+  | hbs.AST.PartialStatement
+  | hbs.AST.SubExpression;
+export type ProcessableBlockStatementNode = hbs.AST.BlockStatement | hbs.AST.PartialBlockStatement;
+export type ProcessableNode = ProcessableStatementNode | ProcessableBlockStatementNode;
+export type ProcessableNodeWithPathParts = ProcessableNode & { path: hbs.AST.PathExpression };
+export type ProcessableNodeWithPathPartsOrLiteral = ProcessableNode & {
+  path: hbs.AST.PathExpression | hbs.AST.Literal;
+};
+
+export type HelpersHash = Record<string, HelperDelegateFixed>;
+export type PartialsHash = Record<string, TemplateFixed>;
+export type DecoratorsHash = Record<string, DecoratorDelegate>;
+
+// Use the post-fix `Fixed` to allow us to acces it inside the 'handlebars' module declared above
+type TemplateFixed = TemplateDelegateFixed | string;
+export type { TemplateFixed as Template };
+
+export interface DecoratorOptions extends Omit<HelperOptions, 'lookupProperties'> {
+  args?: any[];
+}
+
+export interface VisitorHelper {
+  fn?: HelperDelegateFixed;
+  context: any[];
+  params: any[];
+  options: AmbiguousHelperOptions;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvePartialOptions
+  extends Omit<Handlebars.ResolvePartialOptions, 'helpers' | 'partials' | 'decorators'> {
+  // The upstream `helpers` property is too loose and allows all functions.
+  helpers?: HelpersHash;
+  // The upstream `partials` property is incorrectly typed and doesn't allow
+  // partials to be strings.
+  partials?: PartialsHash;
+  // The upstream `decorators` property is too loose and allows all functions.
+  decorators?: DecoratorsHash;
+}
+
+export interface Container {
+  helpers: HelpersHash;
+  partials: PartialsHash;
+  decorators: DecoratorsHash;
+  strict: (obj: Record<string, any>, name: string, loc: hbs.AST.SourceLocation) => any;
+  lookupProperty: LookupProperty;
+  lambda: (current: any, context: any) => any;
+  data: (value: any, depth: number) => any;
+  hooks: {
+    helperMissing?: HelperDelegateFixed;
+    blockHelperMissing?: HelperDelegateFixed;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/utils.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f55bd98a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+// @ts-expect-error: Could not find a declaration file for module
+import { createFrame } from 'handlebars/dist/cjs/handlebars/utils';
+
+import type { AmbiguousHelperOptions, DecoratorOptions } from './types';
+
+export function isBlock(node: hbs.AST.Node): node is hbs.AST.BlockStatement {
+  return 'program' in node || 'inverse' in node;
+}
+
+export function isDecorator(
+  node: hbs.AST.Node
+): node is hbs.AST.Decorator | hbs.AST.DecoratorBlock {
+  return node.type === 'Decorator' || node.type === 'DecoratorBlock';
+}
+
+export function toDecoratorOptions(options: AmbiguousHelperOptions) {
+  // There's really no tests/documentation on this, but to match the upstream codebase we'll remove `lookupProperty` from the decorator context
+  delete (options as any).lookupProperty;
+
+  return options as DecoratorOptions;
+}
+
+export function noop() {
+  return '';
+}
+
+// liftet from handlebars lib/handlebars/runtime.js
+export function initData(context: any, data: any) {
+  if (!data || !('root' in data)) {
+    data = data ? createFrame(data) : {};
+    data.root = context;
+  }
+  return data;
+}
+
+// liftet from handlebars lib/handlebars/compiler/compiler.js
+export function transformLiteralToPath(node: { path: hbs.AST.PathExpression | hbs.AST.Literal }) {
+  const pathIsLiteral = 'parts' in node.path === false;
+
+  if (pathIsLiteral) {
+    const literal = node.path;
+    // @ts-expect-error: Not all `hbs.AST.Literal` sub-types has an `original` property, but that's ok, in that case we just want `undefined`
+    const original = literal.original;
+    // Casting to string here to make false and 0 literal values play nicely with the rest
+    // of the system.
+    node.path = {
+      type: 'PathExpression',
+      data: false,
+      depth: 0,
+      parts: [original + ''],
+      original: original + '',
+      loc: literal.loc,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+export function allowUnsafeEval() {
+  try {
+    new Function();
+    return true;
+  } catch (e) {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dev/lib/handlebars/src/visitor.ts b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/visitor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1842c8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/lib/handlebars/src/visitor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+/*
+ * Elasticsearch B.V licenses this file to you under the MIT License.
+ * See `packages/kbn-handlebars/LICENSE` for more information.
+ */
+
+import Handlebars from 'handlebars';
+import {
+  createProtoAccessControl,
+  resultIsAllowed,
+  // @ts-expect-error: Could not find a declaration file for module
+} from 'handlebars/dist/cjs/handlebars/internal/proto-access';
+// @ts-expect-error: Could not find a declaration file for module
+import AST from 'handlebars/dist/cjs/handlebars/compiler/ast';
+// @ts-expect-error: Could not find a declaration file for module
+import { indexOf, createFrame } from 'handlebars/dist/cjs/handlebars/utils';
+// @ts-expect-error: Could not find a declaration file for module
+import { moveHelperToHooks } from 'handlebars/dist/cjs/handlebars/helpers';
+
+import type {
+  AmbiguousHelperOptions,
+  CompileOptions,
+  Container,
+  DecoratorDelegate,
+  DecoratorsHash,
+  HelperOptions,
+  NodeType,
+  NonBlockHelperOptions,
+  ProcessableBlockStatementNode,
+  ProcessableNode,
+  ProcessableNodeWithPathParts,
+  ProcessableNodeWithPathPartsOrLiteral,
+  ProcessableStatementNode,
+  ResolvePartialOptions,
+  RuntimeOptions,
+  Template,
+  TemplateDelegate,
+  VisitorHelper,
+} from './types';
+import { kAmbiguous, kHelper, kSimple } from './symbols';
+import {
+  initData,
+  isBlock,
+  isDecorator,
+  noop,
+  toDecoratorOptions,
+  transformLiteralToPath,
+} from './utils';
+
+export class ElasticHandlebarsVisitor extends Handlebars.Visitor {
+  private env: typeof Handlebars;
+  private contexts: any[] = [];
+  private output: any[] = [];
+  private template?: string;
+  private compileOptions: CompileOptions;
+  private runtimeOptions?: RuntimeOptions;
+  private blockParamNames: any[][] = [];
+  private blockParamValues: any[][] = [];
+  private ast?: hbs.AST.Program;
+  private container: Container;
+  private defaultHelperOptions: Pick<NonBlockHelperOptions, 'lookupProperty'>;
+  private processedRootDecorators = false; // Root decorators should not have access to input arguments. This flag helps us detect them.
+  private processedDecoratorsForProgram = new Set(); // It's important that a given program node only has its decorators run once, we use this Map to keep track of them
+
+  constructor(
+    env: typeof Handlebars,
+    input: string | hbs.AST.Program,
+    options: CompileOptions = {}
+  ) {
+    super();
+
+    this.env = env;
+
+    if (typeof input !== 'string' && input.type === 'Program') {
+      this.ast = input;
+    } else {
+      this.template = input as string;
+    }
+
+    this.compileOptions = { data: true, ...options };
+    this.compileOptions.knownHelpers = Object.assign(
+      Object.create(null),
+      {
+        helperMissing: true,
+        blockHelperMissing: true,
+        each: true,
+        if: true,
+        unless: true,
+        with: true,
+        log: true,
+        lookup: true,
+      },
+      this.compileOptions.knownHelpers
+    );
+
+    const protoAccessControl = createProtoAccessControl({});
+
+    const container: Container = (this.container = {
+      helpers: {},
+      partials: {},
+      decorators: {},
+      strict(obj, name, loc) {
+        if (!obj || !(name in obj)) {
+          throw new Handlebars.Exception('"' + name + '" not defined in ' + obj, {
+            loc,
+          } as hbs.AST.Node);
+        }
+        return container.lookupProperty(obj, name);
+      },
+      // this function is lifted from the handlebars source and slightly modified (lib/handlebars/runtime.js)
+      lookupProperty(parent, propertyName) {
+        const result = parent[propertyName];
+        if (result == null) {
+          return result;
+        }
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(parent, propertyName)) {
+          return result;
+        }
+
+        if (resultIsAllowed(result, protoAccessControl, propertyName)) {
+          return result;
+        }
+        return undefined;
+      },
+      // this function is lifted from the handlebars source and slightly modified (lib/handlebars/runtime.js)
+      lambda(current, context) {
+        return typeof current === 'function' ? current.call(context) : current;
+      },
+      data(value: any, depth: number) {
+        while (value && depth--) {
+          value = value._parent;
+        }
+        return value;
+      },
+      hooks: {},
+    });
+
+    this.defaultHelperOptions = {
+      lookupProperty: container.lookupProperty,
+    };
+  }
+
+  render(context: any, options: RuntimeOptions = {}): string {
+    this.contexts = [context];
+    this.output = [];
+    this.runtimeOptions = { ...options };
+    this.container.helpers = { ...this.env.helpers, ...options.helpers };
+    this.container.partials = { ...this.env.partials, ...options.partials };
+    this.container.decorators = {
+      ...(this.env.decorators as DecoratorsHash),
+      ...options.decorators,
+    };
+    this.container.hooks = {};
+    this.processedRootDecorators = false;
+    this.processedDecoratorsForProgram.clear();
+
+    if (this.compileOptions.data) {
+      this.runtimeOptions.data = initData(context, this.runtimeOptions.data);
+    }
+
+    const keepHelperInHelpers = false;
+    moveHelperToHooks(this.container, 'helperMissing', keepHelperInHelpers);
+    moveHelperToHooks(this.container, 'blockHelperMissing', keepHelperInHelpers);
+
+    if (!this.ast) {
+      this.ast = Handlebars.parse(this.template!);
+    }
+
+    // The `defaultMain` function contains the default behavior:
+    //
+    // Generate a "program" function based on the root `Program` in the AST and
+    // call it. This will start the processing of all the child nodes in the
+    // AST.
+    const defaultMain: TemplateDelegate = (_context) => {
+      const prog = this.generateProgramFunction(this.ast!);
+      return prog(_context, this.runtimeOptions);
+    };
+
+    // Run any decorators that might exist on the root:
+    //
+    // The `defaultMain` function is passed in, and if there are no root
+    // decorators, or if the decorators chooses to do so, the same function is
+    // returned from `processDecorators` and the default behavior is retained.
+    //
+    // Alternatively any of the root decorators might call the `defaultMain`
+    // function themselves, process its return value, and return a completely
+    // different `main` function.
+    const main = this.processDecorators(this.ast, defaultMain);
+    this.processedRootDecorators = true;
+
+    // Call the `main` function and add the result to the final output.
+    const result = main(this.context, options);
+
+    if (main === defaultMain) {
+      this.output.push(result);
+      return this.output.join('');
+    } else {
+      // We normally expect the return value of `main` to be a string. However,
+      // if a decorator is used to override the `defaultMain` function, the
+      // return value can be any type. To match the upstream handlebars project
+      // behavior, we want the result of rendering the template to be the
+      // literal value returned by the decorator.
+      //
+      // Since the output array in this case always will be empty, we just
+      // return that single value instead of attempting to join all the array
+      // elements as strings.
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ********************************************** //
+  // ***    Visitor AST Traversal Functions     *** //
+  // ********************************************** //
+
+  Program(program: hbs.AST.Program) {
+    this.blockParamNames.unshift(program.blockParams);
+    super.Program(program);
+    this.blockParamNames.shift();
+  }
+
+  MustacheStatement(mustache: hbs.AST.MustacheStatement) {
+    this.processStatementOrExpression(mustache);
+  }
+
+  BlockStatement(block: hbs.AST.BlockStatement) {
+    this.processStatementOrExpression(block);
+  }
+
+  PartialStatement(partial: hbs.AST.PartialStatement) {
+    this.invokePartial(partial);
+  }
+
+  PartialBlockStatement(partial: hbs.AST.PartialBlockStatement) {
+    this.invokePartial(partial);
+  }
+
+  // This space is intentionally left blank: We want to override the Visitor
+  // class implementation of this method, but since we handle decorators
+  // separately before traversing the nodes, we just want to make this a no-op.
+  DecoratorBlock(decorator: hbs.AST.DecoratorBlock) {}
+
+  // This space is intentionally left blank: We want to override the Visitor
+  // class implementation of this method, but since we handle decorators
+  // separately before traversing the nodes, we just want to make this a no-op.
+  Decorator(decorator: hbs.AST.Decorator) {}
+
+  SubExpression(sexpr: hbs.AST.SubExpression) {
+    this.processStatementOrExpression(sexpr);
+  }
+
+  PathExpression(path: hbs.AST.PathExpression) {
+    const blockParamId =
+      !path.depth && !AST.helpers.scopedId(path) && this.blockParamIndex(path.parts[0]);
+
+    let result;
+    if (blockParamId) {
+      result = this.lookupBlockParam(blockParamId, path);
+    } else if (path.data) {
+      result = this.lookupData(this.runtimeOptions!.data, path);
+    } else {
+      result = this.resolvePath(this.contexts[path.depth], path);
+    }
+
+    this.output.push(result);
+  }
+
+  ContentStatement(content: hbs.AST.ContentStatement) {
+    this.output.push(content.value);
+  }
+
+  StringLiteral(string: hbs.AST.StringLiteral) {
+    this.output.push(string.value);
+  }
+
+  NumberLiteral(number: hbs.AST.NumberLiteral) {
+    this.output.push(number.value);
+  }
+
+  BooleanLiteral(bool: hbs.AST.BooleanLiteral) {
+    this.output.push(bool.value);
+  }
+
+  UndefinedLiteral() {
+    this.output.push(undefined);
+  }
+
+  NullLiteral() {
+    this.output.push(null);
+  }
+
+  // ********************************************** //
+  // ***      Visitor AST Helper Functions      *** //
+  // ********************************************** //
+
+  /**
+   * Special code for decorators, since they have to be executed ahead of time (before the wrapping program).
+   * So we have to look into the program AST body and see if it contains any decorators that we have to process
+   * before we can finish processing of the wrapping program.
+   */
+  private processDecorators(program: hbs.AST.Program, prog: TemplateDelegate) {
+    if (!this.processedDecoratorsForProgram.has(program)) {
+      this.processedDecoratorsForProgram.add(program);
+      const props = {};
+      for (const node of program.body) {
+        if (isDecorator(node)) {
+          prog = this.processDecorator(node, prog, props);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return prog;
+  }
+
+  private processDecorator(
+    decorator: hbs.AST.DecoratorBlock | hbs.AST.Decorator,
+    prog: TemplateDelegate,
+    props: Record<string, any>
+  ) {
+    const options = this.setupDecoratorOptions(decorator);
+
+    const result = this.container.lookupProperty<DecoratorDelegate>(
+      this.container.decorators,
+      options.name
+    )(prog, props, this.container, options);
+
+    return Object.assign(result || prog, props);
+  }
+
+  private processStatementOrExpression(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathPartsOrLiteral) {
+    // Calling `transformLiteralToPath` has side-effects!
+    // It converts a node from type `ProcessableNodeWithPathPartsOrLiteral` to `ProcessableNodeWithPathParts`
+    transformLiteralToPath(node);
+
+    switch (this.classifyNode(node as ProcessableNodeWithPathParts)) {
+      case kSimple:
+        this.processSimpleNode(node as ProcessableNodeWithPathParts);
+        break;
+      case kHelper:
+        this.processHelperNode(node as ProcessableNodeWithPathParts);
+        break;
+      case kAmbiguous:
+        this.processAmbiguousNode(node as ProcessableNodeWithPathParts);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Liftet from lib/handlebars/compiler/compiler.js (original name: classifySexpr)
+  private classifyNode(node: { path: hbs.AST.PathExpression }): NodeType {
+    const isSimple = AST.helpers.simpleId(node.path);
+    const isBlockParam = isSimple && !!this.blockParamIndex(node.path.parts[0]);
+
+    // a mustache is an eligible helper if:
+    // * its id is simple (a single part, not `this` or `..`)
+    let isHelper = !isBlockParam && AST.helpers.helperExpression(node);
+
+    // if a mustache is an eligible helper but not a definite
+    // helper, it is ambiguous, and will be resolved in a later
+    // pass or at runtime.
+    let isEligible = !isBlockParam && (isHelper || isSimple);
+
+    // if ambiguous, we can possibly resolve the ambiguity now
+    // An eligible helper is one that does not have a complex path, i.e. `this.foo`, `../foo` etc.
+    if (isEligible && !isHelper) {
+      const name = node.path.parts[0];
+      const options = this.compileOptions;
+      if (options.knownHelpers && options.knownHelpers[name]) {
+        isHelper = true;
+      } else if (options.knownHelpersOnly) {
+        isEligible = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (isHelper) {
+      return kHelper;
+    } else if (isEligible) {
+      return kAmbiguous;
+    } else {
+      return kSimple;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Liftet from lib/handlebars/compiler/compiler.js
+  private blockParamIndex(name: string): [number, any] | undefined {
+    for (let depth = 0, len = this.blockParamNames.length; depth < len; depth++) {
+      const blockParams = this.blockParamNames[depth];
+      const param = blockParams && indexOf(blockParams, name);
+      if (blockParams && param >= 0) {
+        return [depth, param];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Looks up the value of `parts` on the given block param and pushes
+  // it onto the stack.
+  private lookupBlockParam(blockParamId: [number, any], path: hbs.AST.PathExpression) {
+    const value = this.blockParamValues[blockParamId[0]][blockParamId[1]];
+    return this.resolvePath(value, path, 1);
+  }
+
+  // Push the data lookup operator
+  private lookupData(data: any, path: hbs.AST.PathExpression) {
+    if (path.depth) {
+      data = this.container.data(data, path.depth);
+    }
+
+    return this.resolvePath(data, path);
+  }
+
+  private processSimpleNode(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathParts) {
+    const path = node.path;
+    // @ts-expect-error strict is not a valid property on PathExpression, but we used in the same way it's also used in the original handlebars
+    path.strict = true;
+    const result = this.resolveNodes(path)[0];
+    const lambdaResult = this.container.lambda(result, this.context);
+
+    if (isBlock(node)) {
+      this.blockValue(node, lambdaResult);
+    } else {
+      this.output.push(lambdaResult);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The purpose of this opcode is to take a block of the form
+  // `{{#this.foo}}...{{/this.foo}}`, resolve the value of `foo`, and
+  // replace it on the stack with the result of properly
+  // invoking blockHelperMissing.
+  private blockValue(node: hbs.AST.BlockStatement, value: any) {
+    const name = node.path.original;
+    const options = this.setupParams(node, name);
+
+    const result = this.container.hooks.blockHelperMissing!.call(this.context, value, options);
+
+    this.output.push(result);
+  }
+
+  private processHelperNode(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathParts) {
+    const path = node.path;
+    const name = path.parts[0];
+
+    if (this.compileOptions.knownHelpers && this.compileOptions.knownHelpers[name]) {
+      this.invokeKnownHelper(node);
+    } else if (this.compileOptions.knownHelpersOnly) {
+      throw new Handlebars.Exception(
+        'You specified knownHelpersOnly, but used the unknown helper ' + name,
+        node
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.invokeHelper(node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // This operation is used when the helper is known to exist,
+  // so a `helperMissing` fallback is not required.
+  private invokeKnownHelper(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathParts) {
+    const name = node.path.parts[0];
+    const helper = this.setupHelper(node, name);
+    // TypeScript: `helper.fn` might be `undefined` at this point, but to match the upstream behavior we call it without any guards
+    const result = helper.fn!.call(helper.context, ...helper.params, helper.options);
+    this.output.push(result);
+  }
+
+  // Pops off the helper's parameters, invokes the helper,
+  // and pushes the helper's return value onto the stack.
+  //
+  // If the helper is not found, `helperMissing` is called.
+  private invokeHelper(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathParts) {
+    const path = node.path;
+    const name = path.original;
+    const isSimple = AST.helpers.simpleId(path);
+    const helper = this.setupHelper(node, name);
+
+    const loc = isSimple && helper.fn ? node.loc : path.loc;
+    helper.fn = (isSimple && helper.fn) || this.resolveNodes(path)[0];
+
+    if (!helper.fn) {
+      if (this.compileOptions.strict) {
+        helper.fn = this.container.strict(helper.context, name, loc);
+      } else {
+        helper.fn = this.container.hooks.helperMissing;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // TypeScript: `helper.fn` might be `undefined` at this point, but to match the upstream behavior we call it without any guards
+    const result = helper.fn!.call(helper.context, ...helper.params, helper.options);
+
+    this.output.push(result);
+  }
+
+  private invokePartial(partial: hbs.AST.PartialStatement | hbs.AST.PartialBlockStatement) {
+    const { params } = partial;
+    if (params.length > 1) {
+      throw new Handlebars.Exception(
+        `Unsupported number of partial arguments: ${params.length}`,
+        partial
+      );
+    }
+
+    const isDynamic = partial.name.type === 'SubExpression';
+    const name = isDynamic
+      ? this.resolveNodes(partial.name).join('')
+      : (partial.name as hbs.AST.PathExpression).original;
+
+    const options: AmbiguousHelperOptions & ResolvePartialOptions = this.setupParams(partial, name);
+    options.helpers = this.container.helpers;
+    options.partials = this.container.partials;
+    options.decorators = this.container.decorators;
+
+    let partialBlock;
+    if ('fn' in options && options.fn !== noop) {
+      const { fn } = options;
+      const currentPartialBlock = options.data?.['partial-block'];
+      options.data = createFrame(options.data);
+
+      // Wrapper function to get access to currentPartialBlock from the closure
+      partialBlock = options.data['partial-block'] = function partialBlockWrapper(
+        context: any,
+        wrapperOptions: { data?: HelperOptions['data'] } = {}
+      ) {
+        // Restore the partial-block from the closure for the execution of the block
+        // i.e. the part inside the block of the partial call.
+        wrapperOptions.data = createFrame(wrapperOptions.data);
+        wrapperOptions.data['partial-block'] = currentPartialBlock;
+        return fn(context, wrapperOptions);
+      };
+
+      if (fn.partials) {
+        options.partials = { ...options.partials, ...fn.partials };
+      }
+    }
+
+    let context = {};
+    if (params.length === 0 && !this.compileOptions.explicitPartialContext) {
+      context = this.context;
+    } else if (params.length === 1) {
+      context = this.resolveNodes(params[0])[0];
+    }
+
+    if (Object.keys(options.hash).length > 0) {
+      // TODO: context can be an array, but maybe never when we have a hash???
+      context = Object.assign({}, context, options.hash);
+    }
+
+    const partialTemplate: Template | undefined =
+      this.container.partials[name] ??
+      partialBlock ??
+      // TypeScript note: We extend ResolvePartialOptions in our types.ts file
+      // to fix an error in the upstream type. When calling back into the
+      // upstream code, we just cast back to the non-extended type
+      Handlebars.VM.resolvePartial(
+        undefined,
+        undefined,
+        options as Handlebars.ResolvePartialOptions
+      );
+
+    if (partialTemplate === undefined) {
+      throw new Handlebars.Exception(`The partial ${name} could not be found`);
+    }
+
+    let render;
+    if (typeof partialTemplate === 'string') {
+      render = this.env.compileAST(partialTemplate, this.compileOptions);
+      if (name in this.container.partials) {
+        this.container.partials[name] = render;
+      }
+    } else {
+      render = partialTemplate;
+    }
+
+    let result = render(context, options);
+
+    if ('indent' in partial) {
+      result =
+        partial.indent +
+        (this.compileOptions.preventIndent
+          ? result
+          : result.replace(/\n(?!$)/g, `\n${partial.indent}`)); // indent each line, ignoring any trailing linebreak
+    }
+
+    this.output.push(result);
+  }
+
+  private processAmbiguousNode(node: ProcessableNodeWithPathParts) {
+    const name = node.path.parts[0];
+    const helper = this.setupHelper(node, name);
+    let { fn: helperFn } = helper;
+
+    const loc = helperFn ? node.loc : node.path.loc;
+    helperFn = helperFn ?? this.resolveNodes(node.path)[0];
+
+    if (helperFn === undefined) {
+      if (this.compileOptions.strict) {
+        helperFn = this.container.strict(helper.context, name, loc);
+      } else {
+        helperFn =
+          helper.context != null
+            ? this.container.lookupProperty(helper.context, name)
+            : helper.context;
+        if (helperFn == null) helperFn = this.container.hooks.helperMissing;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const helperResult =
+      typeof helperFn === 'function'
+        ? helperFn.call(helper.context, ...helper.params, helper.options)
+        : helperFn;
+
+    if (isBlock(node)) {
+      const result = helper.fn
+        ? helperResult
+        : this.container.hooks.blockHelperMissing!.call(this.context, helperResult, helper.options);
+      if (result != null) {
+        this.output.push(result);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (
+        (node as hbs.AST.MustacheStatement).escaped === false ||
+        this.compileOptions.noEscape === true ||
+        typeof helperResult !== 'string'
+      ) {
+        this.output.push(helperResult);
+      } else {
+        this.output.push(Handlebars.escapeExpression(helperResult));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private setupHelper(node: ProcessableNode, helperName: string): VisitorHelper {
+    return {
+      fn: this.container.lookupProperty(this.container.helpers, helperName),
+      context: this.context,
+      params: this.resolveNodes(node.params),
+      options: this.setupParams(node, helperName),
+    };
+  }
+
+  private setupDecoratorOptions(decorator: hbs.AST.Decorator | hbs.AST.DecoratorBlock) {
+    // TypeScript: The types indicate that `decorator.path` technically can be an `hbs.AST.Literal`. However, the upstream codebase always treats it as an `hbs.AST.PathExpression`, so we do too.
+    const name = (decorator.path as hbs.AST.PathExpression).original;
+    const options = toDecoratorOptions(this.setupParams(decorator, name));
+
+    if (decorator.params.length > 0) {
+      if (!this.processedRootDecorators) {
+        // When processing the root decorators, temporarily remove the root context so it's not accessible to the decorator
+        const context = this.contexts.shift();
+        options.args = this.resolveNodes(decorator.params);
+        this.contexts.unshift(context);
+      } else {
+        options.args = this.resolveNodes(decorator.params);
+      }
+    } else {
+      options.args = [];
+    }
+
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  private setupParams(node: ProcessableBlockStatementNode, name: string): HelperOptions;
+  private setupParams(node: ProcessableStatementNode, name: string): NonBlockHelperOptions;
+  private setupParams(node: ProcessableNode, name: string): AmbiguousHelperOptions;
+  private setupParams(node: ProcessableNode, name: string) {
+    const options: AmbiguousHelperOptions = {
+      name,
+      hash: this.getHash(node),
+      data: this.runtimeOptions!.data,
+      loc: { start: node.loc.start, end: node.loc.end },
+      ...this.defaultHelperOptions,
+    };
+
+    if (isBlock(node)) {
+      (options as HelperOptions).fn = node.program
+        ? this.processDecorators(node.program, this.generateProgramFunction(node.program))
+        : noop;
+      (options as HelperOptions).inverse = node.inverse
+        ? this.processDecorators(node.inverse, this.generateProgramFunction(node.inverse))
+        : noop;
+    }
+
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  private generateProgramFunction(program: hbs.AST.Program) {
+    if (!program) return noop;
+
+    const prog: TemplateDelegate = (nextContext: any, runtimeOptions: RuntimeOptions = {}) => {
+      runtimeOptions = { ...runtimeOptions };
+
+      // inherit data in blockParams from parent program
+      runtimeOptions.data = runtimeOptions.data || this.runtimeOptions!.data;
+      if (runtimeOptions.blockParams) {
+        runtimeOptions.blockParams = runtimeOptions.blockParams.concat(
+          this.runtimeOptions!.blockParams
+        );
+      }
+
+      // inherit partials from parent program
+      runtimeOptions.partials = runtimeOptions.partials || this.runtimeOptions!.partials;
+
+      // stash parent program data
+      const tmpRuntimeOptions = this.runtimeOptions;
+      this.runtimeOptions = runtimeOptions;
+      const shiftContext = nextContext !== this.context;
+      if (shiftContext) this.contexts.unshift(nextContext);
+      this.blockParamValues.unshift(runtimeOptions.blockParams || []);
+
+      // execute child program
+      const result = this.resolveNodes(program).join('');
+
+      // unstash parent program data
+      this.blockParamValues.shift();
+      if (shiftContext) this.contexts.shift();
+      this.runtimeOptions = tmpRuntimeOptions;
+
+      // return result of child program
+      return result;
+    };
+
+    prog.blockParams = program.blockParams?.length ?? 0;
+    return prog;
+  }
+
+  private getHash(statement: { hash?: hbs.AST.Hash }) {
+    const result: { [key: string]: any } = {};
+    if (!statement.hash) return result;
+    for (const { key, value } of statement.hash.pairs) {
+      result[key] = this.resolveNodes(value)[0];
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private resolvePath(obj: any, path: hbs.AST.PathExpression, index = 0) {
+    if (this.compileOptions.strict || this.compileOptions.assumeObjects) {
+      return this.strictLookup(obj, path);
+    }
+
+    for (; index < path.parts.length; index++) {
+      if (obj == null) return;
+      obj = this.container.lookupProperty(obj, path.parts[index]);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+  }
+
+  private strictLookup(obj: any, path: hbs.AST.PathExpression) {
+    // @ts-expect-error strict is not a valid property on PathExpression, but we used in the same way it's also used in the original handlebars
+    const requireTerminal = this.compileOptions.strict && path.strict;
+    const len = path.parts.length - (requireTerminal ? 1 : 0);
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      obj = this.container.lookupProperty(obj, path.parts[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (requireTerminal) {
+      return this.container.strict(obj, path.parts[len], path.loc);
+    } else {
+      return obj;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resolveNodes(nodes: hbs.AST.Node | hbs.AST.Node[]): any[] {
+    const currentOutput = this.output;
+    this.output = [];
+
+    if (Array.isArray(nodes)) {
+      this.acceptArray(nodes);
+    } else {
+      this.accept(nodes);
+    }
+
+    const result = this.output;
+
+    this.output = currentOutput;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private get context() {
+    return this.contexts[0];
+  }
+}